🔍 Key Findings Summary

• Population: 35 nonbrachycephalic dogs undergoing orthopedic procedures (TPLO)
• Study design: Prospective observational using transnasal Digitrapper dual-sensor pH probe after short TIVA
• Upper reference limits:
  • Distal GER events per hour: 2.4
  • Proximal GER events per hour: 0.4
  • Cumulative distal acid exposure: 2.3%
  • Cumulative proximal acid exposure: 0%
• Median values (normal):
  • Distal GER events per hour: 0.3
  • Proximal GER events per hour: 0
• Proximal GER observed in 12/31 dogs
• No regurgitation observed in any dog
• No major adverse events with probe use
• Clinical implication: These parameters provide a reference for assessing excessive GER in future canine surgical cases

🔍 Key Findings

• Overall survival to discharge: 107 of 132 dogs (81%)
• Quartile improvement: Survival increased steadily from 67% in Q1 to 91% in Q4
  • Q1: 22/33 survived
  • Q2: 27/33
  • Q3: 28/33
  • Q4: 30/33
• Statistical significance: Higher operative rank significantly associated with improved survival (p < .05)
• Median cross clamp time (XCT): 73 min (range 40–165), but increased again in Q4
• Fatalities (n=25) were often due to:
  • Failure to wean from CPB
  • Intracranial vascular events (stroke)
  • Intrathoracic hemorrhage
• Breed representation: CKCS (23.5%), Chihuahua (22%), Crossbreeds (21%)
• Stages of MMVD: Stage C (67%), Stage D (27%), Stage B2 (6%)
• Emphasis on deliberate multidisciplinary teamwork for outcome improvement
• Highlights importance of technical and non-technical team skills, procedural standardization, and consistent personnel

🔍 Key Findings

Objective: Validate a new 3D CT-based method for measuring tibial torsion in dogs with MPL, comparing it to a traditional method.

Sample: 40 tibiae from client-owned dogs with MPL (primarily small-breed).

Repeatability (intraobserver):

• New method: ICC = 0.99 → excellent agreement

Reproducibility (interobserver):

• New method: ICC = 0.83 → high agreement
• Traditional method: ICC = 0.52 → moderate agreement

Torsion angle measurements:

• New method avg: 16.00° ± 8.77
• Traditional method avg: 8.76° ± 4.92

Conclusion: The new method is more repeatable, reproducible, and provides higher torsion values than the traditional Aper method, especially reliable for small-breed dogs.

🔍 Key Findings

• Highest initial leak pressure (ILP) observed in the handsewn + cyanoacrylate (HS + CE) group: 83.3 ± 4.6 mmHg (p < .001 vs. others).
• Lowest ILP: cyanoacrylate-only group (CE): 18.6 ± 3.5 mmHg.
• No significant MIP difference between handsewn (HSE) and HS + CE groups (p = .19); CE had significantly lower MIP (22.7 mmHg).
• Leak location:
  • HSE: 60% from suture holes
  • CE: 100% from incisional line
  • HS + CE: 60% from incisional line, 40% from suture holes
• Authors conclude cyanoacrylate augmentation significantly increases ILP and could reduce enterotomy leakage risk.

🔍 Key Findings

• Direct suction salvaged more red blood cell mass (rbcM) than swab washing: 88.43% vs 84.74% (p = .015)
• Swab washing still achieved high recovery (84.74%), making it a viable adjunct when suction is not possible
• No significant difference in post-salvage PCV between methods (~34% for Su and ~33.9% for Sw)
• Total salvaged blood volume was significantly higher using direct suction (143 mL vs 139.8 mL; p < .001)
• Leukocytes are removed during salvage, potentially lowering risk of cytokine-mediated transfusion reactions
• Expired pRBCs were used, but device still achieved high RBC recovery, supporting clinical utility
• Swab washing via manual agitation may cause more RBC destruction than direct suction
• Cell salvage may avoid complications of allogeneic transfusions, like storage lesions and immunologic reactions

🔍 Key Findings

• 67.9% of respondents reported using SSCs, with most indicating frequent use (64% used in every surgery).
• 78.7% agreed SSCs reduce complications, and 89.6% believed SSCs improve communication.
• Respondents not using SSCs were more likely to view them as a waste of time (p < .001).
• Forgetfulness (39.6%) and time constraints (36.5%) were leading reasons for checklist noncompletion.
• Only 23.3% had SSC training during surgical residency, with newer diplomates more likely to have had exposure (p < .001).
• Key strategies to improve uptake included: staff feedback modifications (67.9%), formal designation of initiator (48.6%), and training (52.2%).
• Surgeons and OR staff were most commonly identified as noncompliant team members.
• SSC use was more frequent in small animal practices, and mandating SSCs by management was favored but not always effective alone.

🔍 Key Findings

Study population: 73 hips from 60 dogs undergoing cementless THR.
Methods evaluated:

• ACVD/ACOLL (acetabular circle on VD or OLL view)
• ALVD/ALOLL (acetabular line)
• FHCVD/FHCOLL/FHCCCHB (femoral head circle)

• Intraobserver repeatability and interobserver consistency were excellent for ACVD and ACOLL.
• FHC methods consistently underestimated actual cup size by 2.4–3.6 mm.
• AC and AL methods had low bias (±0.5 mm) and better predictive value.
• OA severity negatively affected the accuracy of all measurements (p < .05).
• Highest predictive accuracy was ~49% using ACVD with rounding down protocol.

🔍 Key Findings

• No proximal femoral fractures occurred in any of the 184 hips with cerclage wire placement
• Cerclage wire was well tolerated, with no failures or complications related to the wire
• Application of a single cerclage wire took <10 minutes, was cost-effective, and required minimal instrumentation
• 3 postoperative complications (1 fissure, 2 fractures) occurred distal to the cerclage site, near the stem tip, requiring plate/screw fixation
• All dogs returned to normal activity, and all owners were satisfied with the outcome
• Cerclage placement location is critical—must be proximal to the lesser trochanter and close to the calcar to resist hoop strain
• Biomechanical evidence supports that cerclage wires improve resistance to hoop strain and subsidence of cementless stems
• Press-fit cementless stems may settle, but when supported by cerclage, this does not result in fractures even in undersized implants

🔍 Key Findings Summary

• IMN provides relative stability, resists bending/torsion due to central axis alignment
• Larger diameter nails = exponentially greater stiffness (∝ D⁴)
• Trade-off: Larger interlocking holes weaken fatigue strength of the nail
• Reaming increases contact/stability but has pros/cons:
  • Improves outcomes in closed fractures
  • May reduce endosteal blood flow in thin-walled bones (e.g., cats)
• Design advances:
  • Angle-stable IMN reduce rotational slack
  • Expandable nails simplify insertion but may compromise removal or compressive load resistance
  • Precontoured nails match bone curvature but lack consistent clinical superiority
• Material debates continue (e.g., titanium vs. stainless steel vs. magnesium)

🔍 Key Findings

• 78% of cats that developed postattenuation neurologic signs (PANS) after congenital portosystemic shunt (cPSS) surgery survived to 30 days.
• Postattenuation seizures (PAS) were associated with significantly decreased 30-day survival (50% vs. 78%; OR: 0.015, p = .005).
• Treatment of PANS with propofol was a negative prognostic factor (OR: 0.112, p = .0008).
• Generalized PAS accounted for most seizure cases and were more frequently fatal than focal or unknown-type seizures.
• Pretreatment with levetiracetam (LEV1 protocol) showed a trend toward improved survival (100% vs. 60.6% in untreated cats), though not statistically significant (p = .06).
• Shunt morphology, method of attenuation, and study period (early vs. late) were not significantly associated with 30-day survival.
• Electrolyte, glucose, and ammonia abnormalities were not strongly linked to survival outcomes in this study.
• Majority of PAS-related deaths were due to uncontrolled generalized seizures or euthanasia because of severity.