🔍 Key Findings

• Fluoroscopy-guided osteotomy placement achieved a median postoperative TPA of 3° (range: 0–4.5°), showing excellent accuracy.
• The D1 measurement (from patellar ligament insertion to osteotomy exit) was more reproducible and accurate intraoperatively than D2.
• Median R1 value (D1-based) matched the intended 21 mm radius with only 0.5 mm deviation, while R2 deviated by 2.5 mm.
• Real-time fluoroscopy allowed dynamic limb positioning and reduced osteotomy placement variability.
• Intraoperative fluoroscopy reduced reliance on preoperative planning, especially in cases with difficult anatomy or positioning.
• Radiation exposure was minimal (avg. 3 images per case) and within safe limits using standard protection protocols.
• Study standardized to 21 mm blades and excluded dogs with developmental orthopedic conditions to reduce confounders.
• Targeting a lower postoperative TPA (3°) may reduce meniscal load and cranio-caudal instability, though long-term outcomes require further study.

🔍 Key Findings

• All four arthrocentesis techniques achieved 100% intra-articular accuracy, confirming that each landmark-guided method could successfully access the canine stifle joint.
• Lateral intercondylar notch (LINC) was the most commonly used technique clinically, reported by 87.5% (35/40) of surveyed surgeons.
• INFRA and SUPRA required significantly more needle repositions (median 3 and 2) compared with LINC and POUCH (median 1) (p = .001).
• No iatrogenic articular cartilage injury (IACI) occurred with LINC or SUPRA techniques, suggesting favorable safety profiles.
• INFRA produced the highest IACI rate (75%), with 6/8 limbs affected, indicating substantial risk with this approach.
• More than half of INFRA injuries exceeded 10 mm² and involved weight-bearing cartilage, raising concern for clinically significant joint damage.
• POUCH technique caused IACI in 37.5% of cases, but injuries occurred exclusively on non-weight-bearing cartilage.
• SUPRA (suprapatellar) approach demonstrated accuracy with zero cartilage injury, making it a promising safer alternative for stifle arthrocentesis pending clinical validation.

🔍 Key Findings

• Surgeon hand size significantly influences preferred finger-loop handle configuration when using laparoscopic instruments.
• Smaller-handed surgeons preferred smaller loop spacing and different finger placements, suggesting standard instrument designs may not accommodate all users.
• Larger-handed surgeons favored wider finger-loop spacing, which improved comfort and maneuverability during laparoscopic manipulation.
• Instrument ergonomics varied substantially between users, demonstrating that a “one-size-fits-all” laparoscopic handle design is suboptimal.
• Hand anthropometry affected both perceived comfort and functional performance during simulated laparoscopic tasks.
• Loop positioning and finger insertion pattern influenced wrist posture and grip mechanics, potentially affecting fatigue during prolonged procedures.
• Ergonomic mismatch between surgeon hand size and handle design may contribute to surgeon discomfort and reduced efficiency during minimally invasive surgery.
• The study supports development of adjustable or size-specific laparoscopic handles to improve surgeon ergonomics and operative performance.

🔍 Key Findings

• In an ex vivo study of 20 canine femur pairs, implantation of a novel hip resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA) prosthesis reduced maximum load (ML) by 22% and load at collapse (LC) by 27% vs. intact controls (p ≤ 0.05).
• Displacement at maximum load (DML), displacement at collapse (DC), and stiffness (k) were not significantly different between prosthesis and control groups.
• Both groups showed similar failure patterns, with 92% failing at the femoral neck.
• All prosthetic femurs still withstood ~6.2× body weight — exceeding estimated in vivo peak loads (~1.64× BW).
• Prosthesis positioning (neutral vs valgus) had no significant effect on biomechanical outcomes.
• Implant design preserved more metaphyseal bone stock than total hip replacement, possibly explaining the smaller load reduction compared to other short-stem prostheses.
• The press-fit cobalt–chromium design with conical stem allowed full contact and stress distribution over the femoral head/neck.
• Authors conclude the device has adequate immediate biomechanical strength for clinical use, though long-term in vivo studies are needed.

🔍 Key Findings

• Fascial planes in dogs were consistently classifiable into four surgical types:
• Type I (discrete sheets), Type II (tightly adhered to thin muscle), Type III (tightly adhered to thick muscle), and Type IV (periosteum-associated).
• Two junction types were identified: Type A (easily elevated) and Type B (higher risk of disruption).
• Disruption-prone areas include the scapular spine (type IV fascia) and lateral thorax near the 13th rib, where rib resection may be needed to preserve margins.
• The latissimus dorsi transition zones and fascial areas near the thoracic inlet and scapulohumeral joint were prone to fascial thinning or disruption.
• Partial muscle resections or periosteal elevations may be required in areas with fragile fascia to maintain oncologic margins.
• Dorsal spinous processes (T6–L6) showed type IV fascia; however, osteotomy may be needed in some dogs for clear margins.
• Blended fascial transitions (e.g., rectus abdominis: type II cranially, type I caudally) necessitate intraoperative judgment on resection depth.
• Cutaneous trunci may suffice as a deep margin for small, low-grade tumors in well-muscled dogs, but not reliably for high-grade or larger masses.

🔍 Key Findings

• Tibial plateau fractures (TPF) are rare in dogs, but can be surgically stabilized with good outcomes even in complex trauma cases.
• Lateral TPFs (Unger type 41-B1) were approached via caudolateral arthrotomy, with elevation of the lateral meniscus for visualization and use of lag screws and K-wires for fixation.
• Medial TPF (Unger type 41-B2) was addressed via medial parapatellar approach using K-wires and a figure-of-eight tension band.
• One minor complication occurred: implant yield at 2 weeks in a case with a concurrent fibular fracture, resulting in a 0.8 mm step defect.
• No major complications were recorded, and all dogs achieved clinical union with full function by 8–10 weeks.
• Long-term owner-reported outcomes (LOAD scores) were excellent (5/52), indicating minimal osteoarthritis or chronic pain.
• Concurrent fibular fractures may increase risk of implant failure and should influence implant selection (e.g., considering buttress plating).
• Arthroscopic-assisted techniques may be applicable in select cases, but open reduction was preferred due to fragment displacement or concurrent injuries.

🔍 Key Findings

• Structured cadaveric training significantly improved surgical technical skills with expert OSATS scores increasing from 17/35 to 23/35 (p = .001)
• Self-assessment scores also improved significantly from 17/35 to 25/35 (p = .018), indicating perceived skill progression
• Inter-assessor agreement was variable (κ = 0.04–0.65), with only moderate–substantial agreement between two of three experts
• Agreement between self-assessment and expert assessment was poor (κ ≈ 0), highlighting inaccurate self-perception
• Residents demonstrated better self-assessment accuracy than interns, suggesting experience improves insight into performance
• Training program included multimodal structure (supervised sessions, self-directed practice, and one-on-one feedback), totaling ~45.8 hours over 3 months
• OSATS GRS effectively detected skill improvement but has limitations in reliability, particularly due to subjective categories and lack of procedural specificity
• Structured cadaver training is feasible and beneficial for residency programs, supporting integration into surgical curricula

🔍 Key Findings

• Complication rate for subdermal plexus flaps (SPFs) in dogs was 53.6%.
• Skin staples had a numerically higher complication rate (72.2%) than sutures (49.3%), but not statistically significant due to small sample size.
• Most common complication was wound dehiscence (35%), followed by seroma (14%) and wound discharge (14%).
• Increased body weight was significantly associated with higher complication risk (OR = 1.056 per kg; p = .029).
• Advancement flaps were associated with a lower incidence of complications on univariable analysis (p < .001).
• Head region flap closures had fewer complications, while proximal pelvic limb closures had the highest complication rate.
• Age was a risk factor—each additional year increased odds of complications (OR = 1.019; p = .004).
• Closure technique did not significantly influence complication severity, though staple use was numerically worse.

🔍 Key Findings

• Endoscopic-assisted retrograde catheterization (EARC) and laser sphincterotomy were successful in 18/18 cadavers, demonstrating technical feasibility.
• Intramural common bile duct (ICBD) length ranged from 10 to 21 mm (mean 15.8 mm), with no correlation to body weight (r = 0.06, p = .79).
• Transition from ICBD to extramural duct was accurately identified endoscopically in 88% (16/18); transition was heralded by separation of the submucosal layer.
• Partial lateral perforations occurred in 2/18 dogs, only during early learning phase; no leakage was found on open dissection.
• Laser sphincterotomy preserved the pancreatic duct orifice, aided by protective catheter positioning.
• Compared to open duodenotomy, this technique allows for a smaller incision and less manipulation of the pancreas, which may reduce morbidity.
• No adverse events such as intra-abdominal saline egress or full-thickness perforation occurred, and the technique allowed safe access up to 10 mm from the MDP.
• Cadaveric limitations included absence of biliary pathology and inability to evaluate live complications, but the technique shows promise for future live animal trials.

🔍 Key Findings

140 laparoscopic surgeons surveyed; 37% reported at least one musculoskeletal disorder.
Women had significantly higher odds of reporting WRMD (OR = 2.59, p = .011).
Smaller glove size significantly associated with WRMD (p = .001), shoulder tendonitis (p = .01), and neck strain (p = .001).
Most common injuries: Neck strain (35%), shoulder tendonitis (31%).
WRMD was associated with greater difficulty using:

• Rotating cup biopsy forceps (p < .001)
• Vessel sealing device and endo stapler (especially in those with shoulder injuries)

No significant association with surgeon age, dominant hand, height, weight, or case volume.