Your Custom Quiz
In Sabol 2024 et al., what was the narrowest documented corridor width in thoracic vertebrae?
🔍 Key Findings Summary
- Evaluated ideal dorsolateral implant trajectories in T1–T13 using CT in 30 dogs across five weight classes.
- Corridor widths were narrowest in the mid-thoracic vertebrae (as little as 1.8 mm) and increased cranially and caudally.
- Allowable deviation angles (ADA) were often very small (as little as 3°), indicating high risk for canal or thoracic structure breach.
- Distances to critical structures (lungs, aorta, subclavian artery, azygos vein) were often <1 mm, even in large dogs.
- Data suggest extreme caution and precision are needed for thoracic vertebral implant placement and support use of navigation or 3D-printed guides.
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopedics and Traumatology
2
2024
Implantation Corridors in Canine Thoracic Vertebrae: A Morphometric Study in Dogs of Varying Sizes
2024-2-VCOT-sabol-1
In Crystal 2024 et al., on elbow osteotomies, which location of osteotomy provided better reduction of medial elbow pressure?
🔍 Key Findings Summary
- Ex vivo cadaver study using 5 paired canine thoracic limbs
- Compared medial opening wedge osteotomy (MOWO) and external rotational osteotomy (ERO) of the humerus
- Measured pressure changes in the medial compartment using thin-film sensors
- ERO significantly reduced peak pressure and pressure distribution in the medial elbow compartment (p < 0.05)
- MOWO showed no significant pressure reduction relative to native state
- Combined MOWO + ERO did not significantly improve over ERO alone
- Findings support the biomechanical rationale for ERO as a surgical strategy to offload the medial compartment in cases like medial compartment disease (MCD)
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopedics and Traumatology
4
2024
Effect of Medial Opening Wedge and External Rotational Humeral Osteotomies on Medial Elbow Compartment Pressure: An Ex Vivo Study
2024-4-VCOT-crystal-2
In Clarke 2022 et al., on nasopharyngeal collapse severity, what explanation was proposed for lack of improvement in some dogs after surgery?
🔍 Key Findings
- Nasopharyngeal collapse was significantly more severe in brachycephalic dogs (median 65%) than in nonbrachycephalic controls (median 10%) (p = .0001).
- Postoperative fluoroscopy showed no significant improvement in nasopharyngeal collapse (p = .0505), despite reported clinical improvement.
- 70% of brachycephalic dogs had ≥50% collapse; 26% had 100% collapse preoperatively.
- All owners of surgical cases reported clinical improvement, including reduced respiratory noise and improved exercise tolerance.
- Surgical techniques used included combinations of alaplasty, staphylectomy, sacculectomy, and tonsillectomy.
- Improvement in nasopharyngeal dimensions was variable, with some dogs improving ≥45%, some worsening, and one dog showing a 100% increase post-op.
- Pharyngeal collapse may not be solely anatomical; neuromuscular dysfunction (e.g., reduced pharyngeal dilator muscle function) may contribute.
- Current surgical techniques may not address functional airway abnormalities, suggesting a need for multimodal or targeted interventions.
Veterinary Surgery
6
2022
Severity of nasopharyngeal collapse before and after corrective upper airway surgery in brachycephalic dogs
2022-6-VS-clarke-5
In Gibson 2024 et al., on mediastinoscopy in dogs, what was the most common **postprocedural finding on CT** after the procedure?
🔍 Key Findings
- Mediastinoscopy was technically feasible in large-breed canine cadavers using a SILS port and standard laparoscopic instruments.
- The left tracheobronchial lymph node (LTBLN) was successfully retrieved in all cadavers (7/7), while cranial mediastinal lymph nodes were retrieved in only 1/7.
- Postprocedural pleural gas was observed in 4/7 cadavers, likely due to CO₂ insufflation.
- Instrument limitations with a human-designed mediastinoscope led to preference for laparoscopic instruments and SILS port for improved access and visualization.
- Complication rates were low, with only two minor (Grade 1) adverse events (pleural tear and LN rupture).
- Obesity and mediastinal fat were cited as potential challenges to visualization and node retrieval.
- NASA-TLX workload scores were lowest for tracheobronchial nodes, indicating these were the easiest to access.
- The authors concluded this approach may facilitate minimally invasive biopsy or resection of cranial mediastinal masses in live dogs, but clinical trials are needed to validate safety and efficacy.
Veterinary Surgery
5
2024
Evaluation of mediastinoscopy for cranial mediastinal and tracheobronchial lymphadenectomy in canine cadavers
2024-5-VS-gibson-2
In Violini 2024 et al., on 3D-guided spinal stabilization in brachycephalic dogs, what postoperative complication occurred due to PMMA cement overextension?
🔍 Key Findings
- Spinal stabilization with 3D-printed patient-specific drill guides (3D-PSGs) was safe, with no immediate perioperative complications reported.
- 84% of pedicle screws were optimally placed, and only 0.5% breached the spinal canal, reflecting high placement accuracy.
- 80% of dogs experienced no neurologic deterioration postoperatively, indicating reliable short-term safety.
- 3D-PSGs were accurate and reproducible, even across multiple institutions and surgeons.
- Mid-term outcomes were favorable: all dogs were ambulatory, and 90% had static or improved neurologic signs.
- 7 of 10 mid-term follow-ups showed abnormal gait, though owners rated lifestyle ≥3/5, suggesting acceptable function.
- 3D-printed guides enabled precise pedicle screw placement in deformed vertebrae, expanding options in small breeds.
- One dog suffered a T4 spinous process fracture due to overextension of PMMA cement, emphasizing the need for cement placement caution.
Veterinary Surgery
4
2024
Clinical outcomes of 20 brachycephalic dogs with thoracolumbar spinal deformities causing neurological signs treated with spinal stabilization using 3D-printed patient-specific drill guides
2024-4-VS-violini-3
In Kuvaldina 2023 et al., in Minimally invasive axillary lymphadenectomy in dogs, what was the most common reason for conversion from endoscopic to open axillary lymph node excision?
🔍 Key Findings
- A minimally invasive endoscopic technique was successfully developed for excisional biopsy of axillary lymph nodes in dogs.
- The procedure was performed on 4 cadavers (6 limbs) and 3 clinical patients, with no major complications reported.
- Mean cadaveric time: accessory axillary node 5.1 min; axillary node 33 min. One limb had a double axillary node.
- In clinical cases, 2/3 were completed endoscopically; one required conversion to open due to node elevation difficulty.
- Surgical times in clinical cases ranged from 35 to 58 minutes, depending on node accessibility and number.
- Postoperative morbidity was minimal: no lymphedema, minor seroma or lameness resolved quickly.
- The SILS port approach enabled effective access, though precise placement was critical to visualization.
- This is the first reported veterinary endoscopic technique for axillary lymphadenectomy; potential for improved staging and reduced morbidity.
Veterinary Surgery
7
2023
Development of a minimally invasive endoscopic technique for excisional biopsy of the axillary lymph nodes in dogs
2023-7-VS-kuvaldina-1
In Brockman 2025 et al., on canine mitral valve repair outcomes, what was the overall survival to discharge rate across the full cohort?
🔍 Key Findings
- Overall survival to discharge: 107 of 132 dogs (81%)
- Quartile improvement: Survival increased steadily from 67% in Q1 to 91% in Q4
- Q1: 22/33 survived
- Q2: 27/33
- Q3: 28/33
- Q4: 30/33
- Statistical significance: Higher operative rank significantly associated with improved survival (p < .05)
- Median cross clamp time (XCT): 73 min (range 40–165), but increased again in Q4
- Fatalities (n=25) were often due to:
- Failure to wean from CPB
- Intracranial vascular events (stroke)
- Intrathoracic hemorrhage
- Breed representation: CKCS (23.5%), Chihuahua (22%), Crossbreeds (21%)
- Stages of MMVD: Stage C (67%), Stage D (27%), Stage B2 (6%)
- Emphasis on deliberate multidisciplinary teamwork for outcome improvement
- Highlights importance of technical and non-technical team skills, procedural standardization, and consistent personnel
Veterinary Surgery
4
2025
Improvement in short‐term outcome over time, in a single center embarking on a canine mitral valve repair program using a structured multidisciplinary approach
2025-4-VS-brockman-1
In Galliano 2022 et al., on vascular access ports, which group had the highest rate of major and catastrophic complications?
🔍 Key Findings
- SVAPs placed in axillary (aSVAP) or femoral/external iliac veins (fSVAP) during limb amputation remained functional in 92.3% and 100% of cases, respectively.
- Complication rates were lower in aSVAP (23.1%) and fSVAP (0%) compared to jSVAP (47.4%), although not statistically significant (P = .12).
- No catastrophic complications occurred with aSVAP or fSVAP; 2 deaths occurred with jSVAP due to port-related issues.
- Infection-related port removal was needed in 1 aSVAP (7.7%) and 2 jSVAPs (10.5%) — no removals were required in fSVAPs.
- Tip placement of the catheter (e.g., right atrium vs. vena cava) did not correlate with complications (P = .66).
- Shorter surgical time likely with aSVAP/fSVAP as they use the same surgical field as the limb amputation.
- Survival time median was similar across groups (jSVAP: 177 days, aSVAP: 125 days, fSVAP: 122 days).
- SVAP implantation during limb amputation offers a practical and safe alternative to separate jugular placement.
Veterinary Surgery
7
2022
Subcutaneous vascular access port implantation in the axillary or femoral/external iliac vein at the time of full limb amputation in dogs
2022-7-VS-galliano-2
In Isono 2025 et al., on tibial malalignment in MPL, which of the following parameters was newly introduced and found to correlate with both TTA and CRA?
🔍 Key Findings
- Proximal Tibia Metatarsal Angle (PTMTA) was significantly increased in dogs with grade 3 and 4 MPL, making it a useful marker for severity.
- PTMTA strongly correlated with Tibial Torsion Angle (TTA) (r = 0.733) and Crural Rotation Angle (CRA) (r = 0.643), integrating multiple morphological deformities.
- Grade 4 MPL cases showed significant internal tibial torsion, increased mMPTA, and decreased MDTT/PTW—indicating both rotation and medial displacement.
- DTMTA was significantly more negative in grade 4, indicating a consistent pattern of internal foot rotation with disease severity.
- PTMTA can be visually assessed during palpation, offering preoperative utility without CT.
- Among toy poodles, PTMTA showed significant differences even between grades 3 and normal, suggesting breed-specific severity patterns.
- Corrective osteotomy may need to address tibial as well as femoral deformities in severe MPL cases with high PTMTA.
- Younger dogs with grade 4 MPL had more severe deformities, possibly due to early onset or developmental progression.
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology
4
2025
Tibial Torsion Malalignment in Small Dogs with Medial Patellar Luxation
2025-4-VCOT-isono-1
In Longo 2022 et al., on CT-guided osteotomies, what clinical outcome was observed in 94% of dogs after femoral and/or tibial detorsional osteotomy?
🔍 Key Findings
- 3D CT volume rendering and CAL measurement successfully guided correction of femoral and tibial torsion in dogs with patellar luxation (PL).
- Physiological patellar tracking was restored in 100% (22/22) of cases after detorsional osteotomy.
- 94% of dogs (17/18) had either full or acceptable functional outcomes post-surgery.
- CAL-based correction was accurate in 19/22 cases, confirming reliability of the measurement technique.
- Complication rate was 45%, with major complications in 2/22 cases—both involved combined femoral and tibial osteotomies.
- Combined femoral and tibial osteotomies in the same limb were linked to a higher risk of complications and poorer outcomes.
- Diaphyseal osteotomies offered more implant space, but metaphyseal locations were associated with faster bone healing.
- Use of a TPLO jig or goniometer was not essential—CAL-based bone marking was sufficient in most cases.
Veterinary Surgery
7
2022
Three‐dimensional volume rendering planning, surgical treatment, and clinical outcomes for femoral and tibial detorsional osteotomies in dogs
2022-7-VS-longo-5
Quiz Results
You answered 7 out of 10 questions correctly
Key Findings