Quiz Question
In Baldo Clemot 2026 et al., on dynamic MRI in DLSS, how much did the protrusion-to-relative canal ratio (PRCR) reduce on average in the flexed position?
🔍 Key Findings
- Flexed MRI reduced IVD protrusion, foraminal stenosis, and VBLF significantly compared to neutral position.
- No dogs had persistent cauda equina compression or foraminal occlusion in the flexed position.
- Protrusion decreased by ~50% in flexion (PRCR and PACR reductions of 49.3% and 53.1%, respectively).
- Degree of IVD protrusion correlated with IVD degeneration but not spondylosis.
- Spondylosis did not limit flexion or affect decompression response.
- Complete vertebral canal occlusion resolved in all cases when LSJ was flexed.
- Indirect decompression via distraction may negate the need for laminectomy/discectomy, unless placing an IVD spacer.
- Findings question the routine use of decompressive surgery with distraction-stabilization in DLSS when good flexion is achieved.
Veterinary Surgery
1
2026
Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbosacral spine in neutral and flexed position for presurgical assessment of clinically affected dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis
2026-1-VS-baldo-clemot-4
In Nagahiro 2023 et al., on quadriceps-femoral mismatch, what was the reference value for normal QML/FL derived from healthy beagles?
🔍 Key Findings
- Quadriceps muscle length/femoral length ratio (QML/FL) was significantly lower in dogs with grade IV MPL than grades I–III (p ≤ .002).
- Shortened QML was associated with increased femoral torsion angle (FTA) and increased aLDFA, indicating correlation with femoral deformity.
- QML/FL increased with age, possibly due to muscular development or reduced deformity in older dogs (p = .004).
- Grade IV MPL dogs had QML/FL < 0.87, the lower normal limit based on healthy beagles, suggesting clinically significant muscle shortening.
- PLL/PL ratio (used to diagnose patella alta) was not associated with QML/FL or MPL severity in small breeds.
- QML/FL can help preoperatively identify candidates for femoral shortening ostectomy, improving femoropatellar alignment.
- Multivariate regression model confirmed QML/FL is independently influenced by age, FTA, and aLDFA (R² = 0.45).
- CT-based 3D measurements enabled objective, noninvasive quantification of femoral and muscle alignment parameters.
Veterinary Surgery
4
2023
Evaluation of the quadriceps muscle length to femoral length ratio in small breed dogs with medial patellar luxation
2023-4-VS-nagahiro-5
In Farrugia 2025 et al., on BODPUO location effects, which of the following had **no significant association** with change in ulna angle?
🔍 Key Findings
- Proximal BODPUOs (closer to 26–28% of ulna length) resulted in greater increases in proximal ulna tilt postoperatively (up to 18°).
- Distal osteotomies (closer to 48–49%) yielded minimal change in ulna angle.
- Strong linear relationship between osteotomy location and change in angle; correlation coefficient = 0.73.
- Initial proximal ulna angle (IPUA) influences results—angles closer to 90° yielded greater changes.
- Craniocaudal osteotomy angle had minimal impact on tilt change after adjusting for location.
- Osteotomy length had no significant effect on change in angle.
- Prediction intervals showed wide individual variation in outcomes, especially with more proximal osteotomies.
- No increase in complications was associated with more proximal osteotomies, contrary to past assumptions.
Veterinary Surgery
6
2025
Bi-oblique dynamic proximal ulna osteotomy: Effect of location on change in angle of the proximal ulna segment
2025-6-VS-farrugia-4
In Takagi 2022 et al., on hepatic venous anatomy, what major advantage does computed tomography angiography (CTA) offer compared to plastination or cadaveric methods?
🔍 Key Findings
- Hepatic venous drainage patterns vary widely across all lobes, especially the left lateral lobe.
- Right lateral lobe had a median of 2 vessels draining directly into the caudal vena cava (CVC); range: 1–4.
- Caudate process of caudate lobe had the most variability: 1–5 vessels draining into the CVC; 2 vessels was most common (54.5%).
- Left lateral lobe drained via 2–8 veins into the left hepatic vein (LHV), with 3 veins most common (31.2%).
- Left medial lobe typically had 1 vein draining into the LHV (61% of dogs).
- Papillary process drained into the LHV in 93.5% of cases; 6.5% drained directly to the CVC.
- Quadrate lobe always had 1 vessel draining either directly to the CVC or via the LHV.
- CTA revealed more variations than previously described in plastinated or cadaveric studies, highlighting its superior value in surgical planning.
Veterinary Surgery
4
2022
Computed angiographic variations in hepatic venous vasculature in dogs
2022-4-VS-takagi-5
In Farrell 2022 et al., on checklist reliability in OVH simulation, how many OSATS GRS items met the content validity criteria?
🔍 Key Findings
- 39 of 40 checklist items for simulated OVH surgical assessment had good content validity (CVI = 0.81)
- Only 1 of 6 items from the OSATS GRS (respect for tissue) met inclusion criteria (CVI = 0.80)
- Checklist showed strong reliability (G-coefficient = 0.85) for moderate-stakes exams
- Modified OSATS GRS showed acceptable reliability (G-coefficient = 0.79)
- Two raters needed for acceptable reliability in high-stakes exams when using the checklist
- Minimal interrater bias found; variance largely due to interaction among student, rater, and item
- Digital recordings were a reliable method of evaluating surgical performance
- Study supports using checklist over OSATS GRS for assessing preclinical students on simulated models
Veterinary Surgery
5
2022
Evaluating validity evidence for 2 instruments developed to assess students' surgical skills in a simulated environment
2022-5-VS-farrell-2
In Wolfe 2025 et al., on endoscopic corpectomy feasibility, at which spinal levels was the technique successfully performed?
🔍 Key Findings
- Integrated endoscopic mini-hemilaminectomy and lateral corpectomy was feasible at all targeted sites from T11–12 through L3–4.
- Target corpectomy dimensions were achieved or exceeded at every included intervertebral disc space.
- Median corpectomy dimensions were ~23% vertebral body length, ~47% body height, and ~74% vertebral canal diameter.
- Thoracic sites required a steeper learning curve, with early failures related to cannula positioning rather than drilling limitations.
- Angled positioning (30°–60° away from the surgeon) subjectively improved drill trajectory and facilitated horizontal corpectomy access.
- No rib head resection or rhizotomy was required to achieve target dimensions using the endoscopic system.
- Excellent visualization of nerve roots and spinal cord was achieved through the 23-mm endoscopic cannula.
- Incorrect intervertebral disc localization was the most common technical error, highlighting the value of intraoperative fluoroscopy.
Veterinary Surgery
8
2025
Integrated endoscopic thoracolumbar mini-hemilaminectomy and lateral corpectomy in cadaver dogs
2025-8-vs-wolfe-1
In Farrugia 2025 et al., on BODPUO location effects, which variable most significantly predicted the postoperative change in proximal ulna angle?
🔍 Key Findings
- Proximal BODPUOs (closer to 26–28% of ulna length) resulted in greater increases in proximal ulna tilt postoperatively (up to 18°).
- Distal osteotomies (closer to 48–49%) yielded minimal change in ulna angle.
- Strong linear relationship between osteotomy location and change in angle; correlation coefficient = 0.73.
- Initial proximal ulna angle (IPUA) influences results—angles closer to 90° yielded greater changes.
- Craniocaudal osteotomy angle had minimal impact on tilt change after adjusting for location.
- Osteotomy length had no significant effect on change in angle.
- Prediction intervals showed wide individual variation in outcomes, especially with more proximal osteotomies.
- No increase in complications was associated with more proximal osteotomies, contrary to past assumptions.
Veterinary Surgery
6
2025
Bi-oblique dynamic proximal ulna osteotomy: Effect of location on change in angle of the proximal ulna segment
2025-6-VS-farrugia-2
In Filho 2024 et al., what did %BW distribution analysis reveal in dogs with forelimb amputations?
🔍 Key Findings Summary
- 39 dogs (mostly post-trauma) with either forelimb or hindlimb amputations (high vs low)
- No significant difference in %BW distribution between high vs low forelimb amputations
- In hindlimb amputees:
- High amputations → more overload on contralateral hindlimb (p = 0.01)
- Low amputations → more even load split, slight preference for contralateral hindlimb and ipsilateral forelimb
- Values derived from pressure-sensitive walkway confirmed with statistical significance
- Useful implications for prosthesis selection and rehabilitation planning
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopedics and Traumatology
4
2024
Gait Analysis of Amputee Dogs Using a Pressure-Sensitive Walkway
2024-4-VCOT-filho-2
In Shetler 2022 et al., on radial head OCD, what confirmed the diagnosis of osteochondritis dissecans in this case?
🔍 Key Findings
- Bilateral radial head OCD lesions were identified in a 6-month-old English Bulldog with elbow lameness.
- Medial arthroscopic portals allowed only partial visualization of radial head lesions, insufficient for treatment.
- Lateral arthroscopy portals provided excellent access for fragment removal and abrasion arthroplasty.
- Histopathology confirmed OCD, showing cartilage degeneration and retained cartilaginous cores.
- Dog showed complete resolution of lameness and no elbow pain at 5 months post-op.
- Lesions were caudolateral on the radial head, with discoid elevation of cartilage and clefts.
- Lateral approach avoids major neurovascular structures, reducing iatrogenic risk.
- The authors suggest lateral elbow arthroscopy may have broader indications, including for medial compartment disease or synovial biopsies.
Veterinary Surgery
8
2022
The use of lateral arthroscopy portals for the management of bilateral osteochondritis dissecans of the radial head in an English bulldog
2022-8-VS-shetler-2
In Dekerle 2022 et al., on ectopic ureter correction, what was the **median duration of continence** after surgery in dogs that became continent?
🔍 Key Findings
- Cystoscopic-guided laser ablation (CLA) was associated with significantly fewer minor complications (13%) than neoureterostomy (100%) (P < .01)
- CLA resulted in significantly fewer recurrences of incontinence compared to neoureterostomy (0/7 vs 5/12; P < .05)
- 80% of dogs achieved continence within 1 month postoperatively, with a median continence score of 10
- Long-term continence was achieved in 88% of dogs, with or without adjunctive treatment, over a median of 66 months
- Major complications occurred in only 8% of dogs, and all were successfully managed with surgical revision
- Persistent ureteral remnants were seen only in neoureterostomy dogs, potentially contributing to incontinence recurrence
- All dogs with incontinence recurrence responded to medical treatment, while only 1/5 with persistent incontinence after surgery did
- CLA is recommended over open surgery for iEU correction, due to lower complication and recurrence rates
Veterinary Surgery
4
2022
Outcomes of 25 female dogs treated for ectopic ureters by open surgery or cystoscopic-guided laser ablation
2022-4-VS-dekerle-3
Quiz Results
You answered 7 out of 10 questions correctly
Key Findings