🔍 Key Findings

• All four techniques achieved TPA <14°, meeting the threshold for acceptable surgical correction in eTPA cases.
• Group A (CBLO + CCWO) and Group D (PTNWO) showed highest accuracy in achieving target TPA values.
• Group B (TPLO + CCWO) resulted in significant tibial shortening compared to other techniques.
• Group A caused the greatest cranial mechanical axis shift, while Group B caused the least.
• Group C (mCCWO) resulted in consistent under-correction of TPA, despite aiming for 0°.
• Modified or neutral wedge osteotomies (Groups C and D) had minimal effect on tibial length, making them suitable when preservation is important.
• All techniques involved mechanical axis shifts, highlighting the importance of preoperative planning to minimize morphologic disruption.
• Supplemental fixation was standard for all procedures to reduce risks such as tibial tuberosity fracture and plateau leveling loss.

🔍 Key Findings

• TPA decreased significantly from preoperative to follow-up (mean 5.89°; p < 0.001), and from immediate postoperative to follow-up (mean 2.2°; p = 0.018)
• Use of tension band in addition to K-wires did not significantly improve TPA reduction compared to K-wires alone
• Cranial K-wire positioning may attenuate growth at the cranial tibial physis, allowing relative caudal growth to reduce TPA over time
• Dynamic TPA reduction may reduce risk of cranial cruciate ligament rupture even when initial TPA is high
• Small breeds (e.g., French Bulldogs) were overrepresented; further research is needed in larger breeds with more growth potential
• Surgical reduction is difficult, but perfect alignment may not be essential if TPA reduces postoperatively
• Radiographic TPA measurement was reliably performed with low interobserver variability
• K-wire removal at 3–8 weeks may facilitate continued growth in growing dogs

🔍 Key Findings

• Craniomedial and craniolateral approaches provided comparable exposure of the feline radial diaphysis (p > .05).
• Mean exposed surface area was slightly greater with the craniolateral approach, both including and excluding the supinator muscle, but differences were not significant.
• Elevation of the supinator muscle increased exposure for both approaches.
• Cadaver weight and limb side did not significantly affect exposure area.
• The craniolateral approach allows easier patient positioning in lateral recumbency without traction or an assistant.
• Craniolateral access facilitates dual bone fixation (radius and ulna) through a single approach.
• The craniomedial approach carries greater risk to median and radial nerves during muscle elevation.
• Findings validate the craniolateral approach as a practical alternative for feline antebrachial fracture repair.

🔍 Key Findings

• 2.4 mm LCP with a 1.6 mm IM pin had the highest axial stiffness and yield strength among the tested constructs.
• Axial stiffness was significantly higher in the 2.4 mm LCP + 1.6 mm IM pin group compared to 2.7 mm LCP alone (p = .013).
• No significant difference in torsional stiffness was found among groups.
• 2.4 mm LCP + 1.0 mm pin had the lowest stiffness and failure load, underperforming both other constructs.
• All constructs failed via valgus bending, consistent with clinical observations in feline tibial fractures.
• A 1.6 mm pin (~50% canal fill) resulted in superior construct performance vs. 1.0 mm (~30% fill).
• Group 2 (2.4 LCP + 1.6 mm pin) outperformed the 2.7 mm LCP alone in stiffness, despite using a smaller plate.
• Plate–rod constructs may better preserve periosteal blood supply and support minimally invasive stabilization strategies.

🔍 Key Findings

• Minimally invasive fluoroscopic technique yielded median reduction of 94.1% immediately postoperative.
• Screw purchase ≥60% in sacral body achieved in 82% of cases, with median purchase of 73.3%.
• One screw exited caudally; no dorsal, ventral, or cranial exits reported.
• At 7-week follow-up, reduction and purchase slightly declined but remained effective (p = .008 and p = .013).
• No screw loosening observed, even in suboptimal reductions or purchases.
• Pelvic canal width and symmetry (PCDR and HCWR) were restored and maintained.
• Excellent long-term function: FMPI ≥0.98 in 9 of 10 cats; owners reported 10/10 satisfaction.
• Fluoroscopy enabled accurate screw placement and minimized tissue trauma, contributing to rapid recovery.

🔍 Key Findings

• FGPP (fluoroscopic-guided percutaneous pinning) resulted in successful healing in 10/13 fractures, with good limb function.
• Complications occurred in 5 of 11 cases, including intra-articular implants, malunion, implant failure/nonunion, and implant migration.
• Cases with delayed surgery (>15 days) or radiographic remodeling were more likely to experience major complications.
• Most fractures (10/13) were classified as Salter-Harris type I with mild displacement.
• Median surgical time was 60 minutes, and no conversions to open surgery were needed.
• Postoperative femoral neck resorption was minimal, suggesting possible benefits of the minimally invasive approach for preserving vascular supply.
• One intra-articular pin led to progressive joint disease and required femoral head ostectomy.
• FGPP appears best suited for acute, minimally displaced fractures in young dogs (<8 months) with planned elective explant to avoid growth disturbance.

🔍 Key Findings

• High clinical union rate (93.4%) was achieved across 75 fractures treated with the OrthoLine™ system.
• Owner-assessed outcomes were universally acceptable or full, with no unacceptable outcomes reported.
• Overall major complication rate was 12.2%, including implant failure (1.1%) and implant infection (2 cases).
• Shorter plate spans in radial (46.6%) and ulnar (33.0%) fractures were well tolerated without increased nonunion.
• Femoral constructs used longer plate spans (73.3%) compared with radius/ulna, reflecting differing biomechanical demands.
• Use of postoperative external coaptation was common (46.7%) and associated with higher minor bandage-related complications.
• Titanium alloy and stainless-steel plates both produced acceptable healing, with no delayed unions attributable to material choice.
• The OrthoLine™ system was deemed a promising alternative locking plate system for small animal fracture repair.

🔍 Key Findings

Study focus: Outcomes of cannulated screw fixation in unicondylar humeral condylar fractures (UHCF) in dogs.
Clinical union rate: 89%
Overall complication rate: 36%

• Major complication: Most common was screw breakage

Significant risk factor for screw breakage:

• Body weight >20 kg (statistically significant)

Breed distribution:

• Spaniels, especially English Springer Spaniels, were most common

No mention of plate augmentation as standard in this cohort

🔍 Key Findings

• All dogs (11/11) showed improved radiohumeral articulation postoperatively, confirmed arthroscopically.
• Median shortening: radioulnar (3.2 mm), humeroradial (1.8 mm), humeroulnar (1.2 mm).
• Median lameness score improved from 2/4 to 1/4 by final follow-up.
• Bone healing achieved in a median of 8 weeks (range: 4–14 weeks).
• No major complications; minor issues included 1 screw loosening and 1 superficial infection.
• Subjective function was graded full in 4 dogs, acceptable in 7.
• Arthroscopy enabled accurate dynamic joint assessment, preferred over static radiographs.
• Use of both orthopedic wire and plating provided secure fixation and improved outcomes.