🔍 Key Findings

• The study was a prospective clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of a three-dimensional (3D)-printed, patient-specific reduction system for aligning diaphyseal tibial fractures stabilized using minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) in fifteen client-owned dogs.
• Virtual surgical planning (VSP) and fabrication were feasible within a clinically relevant timeframe, with a mean of 50.7 hours. Surgical efficiency improved with experience.
• Pin-guide placement was accurate, with median translational discrepancies of 2.7 mm (proximal) and 2.9 mm (distal), and angular discrepancies highest in the axial plane.
• The proximal guide was easier to apply (median Likert score: 8) than the distal guide (median: 6).
• The 3D-printed system enabled near-anatomic reduction in 87% of cases and acceptable reduction in the remaining 13%; no unacceptable reductions occurred.
• Postoperative alignment and tibial length were well-restored, with all dogs within 5° or 5 mm of contralateral measurements.
• Temporary circular fixation was occasionally used to assist reduction and improve alignment.
• Precontoured plates fit easily, with a median Likert score of 9; total surgical time was shorter than conventional MIPO at the institution.
• The study lacked a control group but builds on prior cadaveric feasibility work.

🔍 Key Findings

• Two-pin fixation had significantly greater strength (639 N) than single-pin fixation (426 N) in TTAF models (p = .003).
• Stiffness was also higher with two-pin constructs (72 N/mm vs 57 N/mm); statistically significant (p = .029).
• Both fixation types withstood loads greater than quadriceps force in dogs at a walk (240 N), indicating clinical viability.
• Failure was most commonly due to pin bending or pullout (82%), with fewer cases of ligament tearing or epiphyseal fracture.
• K-wire insertion angle (KWIA) did not significantly differ between fixation types (p = .13).
• Single larger pins delivered ~68% of the strength and ~83% of the stiffness of two smaller vertically aligned pins.
• Clinical implication: Two vertically aligned pins are biomechanically superior for TTAF fixation in canine models.
• Study used mature cadavers, which may underestimate loads and stiffness compared to immature clinical cases.

🔍 Key Findings

• CBLO fixation with both a headless compression screw (HCS) and tension band (TB) showed the highest yield and ultimate loads compared to other configurations
• HCSTB constructs had significantly higher yield load (1212 N) and ultimate load (1388 N) than Plate alone (788 N, 774 N), HCS alone (907 N, 927 N), or TB alone (1016 N, 1076 N)
• No difference in construct stiffness was detected among the four fixation methods tested
• All constructs ultimately failed by bone fracture—location of failure differed by construct type (e.g., through HCS hole or cranial screw hole)
• TB and HCSTB groups showed failure via progressive TB stretching and cranial osteotomy widening, while Plate and HCS failed more abruptly
• All constructs withstood forces exceeding expected quadriceps load in vivo (170–325 N), suggesting all methods can resist physiological loading, but HCSTB provides greater safety margin
• HCS alone was not significantly stronger than Plate or TB alone, questioning its standalone superiority
• Study supports using TB and HCS together for optimal construct strength, but clinical studies are needed to validate implant fatigue, healing, and failure rates

🔍 Key Findings

• Delayed union occurred in 13.9% of fractures; non-union in 4.6%; mal-union in 0.7%
• Major implant failure increased odds of delayed or non-union by 12.9×
• Surgical site infection increased risk 3.2×; bone grafting (any type) was also associated (OR 3.3)
• Comminuted fractures had 4.2× greater odds of delayed or non-union
• Older age increased risk, with odds increasing by 21% per year
• Radius and ulna fractures in toy breeds were not high risk, contrary to historical belief
• Most non-unions required revision surgery with rhBMP-2 or autograft to achieve union
• Ilium fractures showed 0% delayed/non-union — possibly due to robust muscle envelope

🔍 Key Findings

• Minimally invasive fluoroscopic technique yielded median reduction of 94.1% immediately postoperative.
• Screw purchase ≥60% in sacral body achieved in 82% of cases, with median purchase of 73.3%.
• One screw exited caudally; no dorsal, ventral, or cranial exits reported.
• At 7-week follow-up, reduction and purchase slightly declined but remained effective (p = .008 and p = .013).
• No screw loosening observed, even in suboptimal reductions or purchases.
• Pelvic canal width and symmetry (PCDR and HCWR) were restored and maintained.
• Excellent long-term function: FMPI ≥0.98 in 9 of 10 cats; owners reported 10/10 satisfaction.
• Fluoroscopy enabled accurate screw placement and minimized tissue trauma, contributing to rapid recovery.

🔍 Key Findings

• Mean SI joint reduction was 94.25%, exceeding the 90% target considered important to reduce screw loosening
• Mean sacral width purchase was 82.52%, with all screws achieving >60%—a threshold for reducing implant loosening risk
• All 20 screws were accurately placed within the sacral body, confirmed via CT or radiographs
• A 3D-printed drill guide and table-bound system facilitated consistent screw placement via minimally invasive technique
• Craniocaudal and dorsoventral angles were well controlled (mean CCA = –1.22°, DVA = 0.71°), demonstrating accurate trajectory
• No intraoperative complications were reported; all pilot holes drilled on first attempt
• Use of fluoroscopy and orthogonal imaging enhanced surgical accuracy and reduced malposition risk
• The system permitted screw placement through a sleeve that doubled as a muscle retractor, allowing implant delivery without disruption

🔍 Key Findings

• Population: 16 dogs (27 tibias), TPA >34°
• Techniques analyzed:
  • Group A: CBLO + CCWO
  • Group B: TPLO + CCWO
  • Group C: mCCWO
  • Group D: PTNWO
• Outcomes:
  • All groups achieved post-correction TPA < 14°.
  • Group A: Slight over-correction (mean TPA 10.47°); greatest mechanical axis shift.
  • Group B: Tibial shortening (~0.58%); least mechanical axis shift.
  • Group C: Lowest post-correction TPA (mean 4.76°); under-correction.
  • Group D: High accuracy, minimal shortening (mean 7.09° post).
• Statistical Significance:
  • Significant differences in tibial length change and mCrDTA (mechanical axis shift) between groups (p <.05).
  • TPA correction accuracy: Group A (1.02), B (0.95), C (0.89), D (0.98).

🔍 Key Findings

• TPA decreased significantly from preoperative to follow-up (mean 5.89°; p < 0.001), and from immediate postoperative to follow-up (mean 2.2°; p = 0.018)
• Use of tension band in addition to K-wires did not significantly improve TPA reduction compared to K-wires alone
• Cranial K-wire positioning may attenuate growth at the cranial tibial physis, allowing relative caudal growth to reduce TPA over time
• Dynamic TPA reduction may reduce risk of cranial cruciate ligament rupture even when initial TPA is high
• Small breeds (e.g., French Bulldogs) were overrepresented; further research is needed in larger breeds with more growth potential
• Surgical reduction is difficult, but perfect alignment may not be essential if TPA reduces postoperatively
• Radiographic TPA measurement was reliably performed with low interobserver variability
• K-wire removal at 3–8 weeks may facilitate continued growth in growing dogs

🔍 Key Findings

• Lateral humeral condylar fractures (LHCF) were most common, comprising 63.6% of cases.
• Transcondylar screw (TCS) + K-wire(s) fixation had a 7.62x higher risk of major complications compared to other methods (p = .009).
• All cases of TCS migration occurred in the TCS + K-wire group; none occurred with plate fixation.
• Overall complication rate was 40.9%, with 29.5% being major and requiring intervention.
• Contralateral humeral intracondylar fissures (HIF) were found in 58.1% of French Bulldogs with CT data.
• No significant association between age and presence of HIF, but fissure length increased with age (R = 0.47, p = .048).
• Younger, lighter dogs had higher complication and screw migration rates, possibly due to softer bone and smaller condyles.
• TCS + plate fixation had the lowest complication rate, suggesting biomechanical superiority.

🔍 Key Findings

Design: In vitro study on cadaveric femurs (n=21) with basilar femoral neck fractures stabilized using 2 vs 3 titanium cannulated screws.

Stiffness: Control > 3-screw > 2-screw (674 > 120 > 90 N/mm).

Yield Load: 3-screw (586 N) > 2-screw (303 N); both < intact femur (2692 N).

Displacement: No difference across groups.

Complication: 3-screw technique more demanding; higher risk of cortical perforation, especially with narrow femoral necks.

Failure Mode: Dislodgement of femoral head + screw shaft bending.

Conclusion: 3 screws = stronger construct than 2 screws. Clinical implications need further study.