Quiz Question
In Sullivan 2025 et al., on TTT stabilization methods, what theoretical advantage does the spacer pin technique offer?
🔍 Key Findings
- Spacer pin fixation showed no difference in failure force or stiffness compared to tension band wire (TBW) or 2-pin techniques.
- All constructs failed under loads >1000 N, exceeding estimated peak quadriceps force in dogs during walking (~240 N).
- Patellar ligament failure was the most common mode of failure across all groups (5–8 samples per group).
- Distal tibial crest fractures were seen only in 2-pin and spacer pin groups, not in TBW group, suggesting TBW may protect against crest failure.
- No failures occurred at pin tracts, possibly due to pin placement within patellar ligament footprint.
- Spacer pin technique avoids placing pins through the tuberosity, potentially reducing risks of soft tissue complications like tendinopathy or irritation.
- Use of partial osteotomy with robust distal crest may substitute for TBW without compromising initial mechanical strength.
- Further in vivo or cyclic loading studies are required, as this cadaveric study tested only acute tensile failure.
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology
3
2025
Biomechanical Comparison of Spacer Pin Fixation to Two Established Methods of Tibial Tuberosity Transposition Stabilization in Dogs
2025-3-VCOT-sullivan-4
In Lomas 2025 et al., on hybrid THR in cats, what was the most common indication for total hip replacement (THR) in this cohort?
🔍 Key Findings
- Hybrid THR in cats showed no major complications across 17 hips in 15 cats, including 2 bilateral cases.
- Postoperative radiographs confirmed stable implant positioning with no loosening, migration, or dislocation in follow-up imaging.
- Mean owner satisfaction was high, with a mean short-form feline musculoskeletal pain index (sf-FMPI) score of 2/36 at a mean follow-up of 438 days.
- SCFE (slipped capital femoral epiphysis) was the most common indication, seen in 13/17 hips.
- Partial tenotomy of rectus femoris origin resolved intraoperative medial patella luxation in 3 cases—no cats required surgical correction later.
- A micro BFX cup allowed for increased acetabular offset, possibly reducing luxation risk even when using a +0 femoral head offset.
- Hybrid THR was successfully used as a revision for failed CFX THR due to recurrent luxation—implants remained stable post-revision.
- Use of oversized cups (12 mm) with shallow seating or medial breach still resulted in stable outcomes, suggesting good implant fixation even with reduced bone stock.
Veterinary Surgery
6
2025
Medium‐term outcomes of hybrid total hip arthroplasty in cats: Cemented femoral stem and cementless acetabular cup in 17 hips (2020–2023)
2025-6-VS-lomas-1
In Longo 2022 et al., on CT-guided osteotomies, what was the most common osteotomy location used in this study?
🔍 Key Findings
- 3D CT volume rendering and CAL measurement successfully guided correction of femoral and tibial torsion in dogs with patellar luxation (PL).
- Physiological patellar tracking was restored in 100% (22/22) of cases after detorsional osteotomy.
- 94% of dogs (17/18) had either full or acceptable functional outcomes post-surgery.
- CAL-based correction was accurate in 19/22 cases, confirming reliability of the measurement technique.
- Complication rate was 45%, with major complications in 2/22 cases—both involved combined femoral and tibial osteotomies.
- Combined femoral and tibial osteotomies in the same limb were linked to a higher risk of complications and poorer outcomes.
- Diaphyseal osteotomies offered more implant space, but metaphyseal locations were associated with faster bone healing.
- Use of a TPLO jig or goniometer was not essential—CAL-based bone marking was sufficient in most cases.
Veterinary Surgery
7
2022
Three‐dimensional volume rendering planning, surgical treatment, and clinical outcomes for femoral and tibial detorsional osteotomies in dogs
2022-7-VS-longo-4
In Espinel Rupérez 2023 et al., on hip toggle stabilization, what was a major cause of technique deviation?
🔍 Key Findings
- Arthroscopic-assisted hip toggle stabilization (AA-HTS) was successfully completed in all 14 feline cadaver joints.
- Femoral and acetabular tunnel creation was feasible in all cases, though femoral tunnel placement had a higher rate of deviations.
- Intraoperative complications occurred in 5/14 joints, mostly related to femoral tunnel creation and toggle lodging.
- Minor articular cartilage injury (<10% total cartilage area) occurred in 10/14 joints, but no injury to neurovascular or intrapelvic structures.
- Thirteen surgical technique deviations (8 major, 5 minor) were identified in 7 joints, all involving the femoral tunnel.
- Toggle passage through the femoral tunnel was the most challenging step, being mildly difficult in 6 joints.
- Postoperative CT and gross dissection confirmed all toggles and buttons were in correct position, without damage to major surrounding structures.
- No deviations, complications, or cartilage injuries occurred in the last 4 joints, suggesting a learning curve effect.
Veterinary Surgery
6
2023
Arthroscopic-assisted hip toggle stabilization in cats: An ex vivo feasibility study
2023-6-VS-espinel-5
In Kwok 2023 et al., on BFX lateral bolt THR in dogs,what was the most common intraoperative complication with the BFX lateral bolt stem?
🔍 Key Findings
- 97.4% of dogs returned to normal function after total hip replacement using the BFX lateral bolt.
- Mean femoral stem subsidence was 1.22 mm, with most occurring in the first month and minimal thereafter.
- Postoperative complication rate was 13.6%, with 9.2% major and 4.4% minor complications.
- Femoral fractures (3.6%) and coxofemoral luxations (3.6%) were the most common major complications.
- Increased age and higher stem size were risk factors for postoperative femoral fractures; CFI >2.0 was also associated.
- Medial calcar fractures were avoided, and fractures occurred distal to stem ingrowth zone, simplifying repairs.
- Three cases underwent prophylactic plating, all with excellent outcomes and no complications.
- Explant rate was 2.6% (5/195), with most failures involving acetabular cup rather than femoral stem.
Veterinary Surgery
1
2023
Clinical outcomes of canine total hip replacement utilizing a BFX lateral bolt femoral stem: 195 consecutive cases (2013–2019)
2023-1-VS-kwok-2
In Mazdarani 2025 et al., on simulated muscle loading, which model showed the lowest muscle force ratios (quadriceps:gastrocnemius)?
🔍 Key Findings
- Simulated quadriceps and gastrocnemius forces increased proportionally with axial load in all three femoral fixation models.
- Model 2 (rigid fixation) resulted in subphysiologic quadriceps forces and abnormally high gastrocnemius forces, reducing model fidelity.
- Models 1 and 3 (with hip mobility) produced more physiologic quadriceps and force ratios, especially under 30–40% bodyweight loads.
- Force ratios were significantly lower in rigid fixation (Model 2) compared to hip-mobile models (p = .007), suggesting model design affects simulated muscle coordination.
- Joint angles (stifle and hock) remained within acceptable limits, though slight flexion occurred with increasing load.
- Relative foot position differed by ~3.9 mm between models 2 and 3, with model 2 showing a more caudal position.
- Model 3 preserved benefits of hip mobility while allowing radiographic documentation, making it a preferred setup for future studies.
- The study suggests that models used in feline stifle stabilization research may underestimate physiologic forces, especially with rigid fixation designs.
Veterinary Surgery
5
2025
Proximal femoral fixation method and axial load affect simulated muscle forces in an ex vivo feline limb press
2025-5-VS-mazdarani-2
In Husi 2023 et al., on TPLO vs TPLO-IB biomechanics, how did the TPLO-IB construct affect rotational stability compared to TPLO alone?
🔍 Key Findings
- TPLO alone failed to neutralize rotational instability under tibial pivot compression (TPT), despite a negative TCT.
- TPLO combined with lateral augmentation (TPLO-IB) restored both craniocaudal and rotational stability to near-intact levels.
- Cranial tibial translation was 6× greater after TPLO vs intact stifles when tested with TPT (p < .001).
- No significant difference in cranial tibial translation or internal rotation between intact stifles and TPLO-IB group during TCT, eTPT, or iTPT.
- TPLO-IB did not overconstrain the stifle, avoiding excessive external rotation.
- External tibial rotation (eTPT) was more sensitive than TCT in detecting persistent instability after TPLO.
- Excellent intraobserver reliability for both eTPT and iTPT (ICC > 0.9).
- Study supports intraoperative use of TPT to identify cases needing additional rotational stabilization.
Veterinary Surgery
5
2023
Comparative kinetic and kinematic evaluation of TPLO and TPLO combined with extra-articular lateral augmentation: A biomechanical study
2023-5-VS-husi-3
In Nagahiro 2023 et al., on quadriceps-femoral mismatch, what was the reference value for normal QML/FL derived from healthy beagles?
🔍 Key Findings
- Quadriceps muscle length/femoral length ratio (QML/FL) was significantly lower in dogs with grade IV MPL than grades I–III (p ≤ .002).
- Shortened QML was associated with increased femoral torsion angle (FTA) and increased aLDFA, indicating correlation with femoral deformity.
- QML/FL increased with age, possibly due to muscular development or reduced deformity in older dogs (p = .004).
- Grade IV MPL dogs had QML/FL < 0.87, the lower normal limit based on healthy beagles, suggesting clinically significant muscle shortening.
- PLL/PL ratio (used to diagnose patella alta) was not associated with QML/FL or MPL severity in small breeds.
- QML/FL can help preoperatively identify candidates for femoral shortening ostectomy, improving femoropatellar alignment.
- Multivariate regression model confirmed QML/FL is independently influenced by age, FTA, and aLDFA (R² = 0.45).
- CT-based 3D measurements enabled objective, noninvasive quantification of femoral and muscle alignment parameters.
Veterinary Surgery
4
2023
Evaluation of the quadriceps muscle length to femoral length ratio in small breed dogs with medial patellar luxation
2023-4-VS-nagahiro-5
In Kwok 2023 et al., on BFX lateral bolt THR in dogs,what was the reported mean subsidence of the femoral stem at 1 month?
🔍 Key Findings
- 97.4% of dogs returned to normal function after total hip replacement using the BFX lateral bolt.
- Mean femoral stem subsidence was 1.22 mm, with most occurring in the first month and minimal thereafter.
- Postoperative complication rate was 13.6%, with 9.2% major and 4.4% minor complications.
- Femoral fractures (3.6%) and coxofemoral luxations (3.6%) were the most common major complications.
- Increased age and higher stem size were risk factors for postoperative femoral fractures; CFI >2.0 was also associated.
- Medial calcar fractures were avoided, and fractures occurred distal to stem ingrowth zone, simplifying repairs.
- Three cases underwent prophylactic plating, all with excellent outcomes and no complications.
- Explant rate was 2.6% (5/195), with most failures involving acetabular cup rather than femoral stem.
Veterinary Surgery
1
2023
Clinical outcomes of canine total hip replacement utilizing a BFX lateral bolt femoral stem: 195 consecutive cases (2013–2019)
2023-1-VS-kwok-4
In Sullivan 2025 et al., on TTT stabilization methods, which stabilization method showed significantly different failure force or stiffness?
🔍 Key Findings
- Spacer pin fixation showed no difference in failure force or stiffness compared to tension band wire (TBW) or 2-pin techniques.
- All constructs failed under loads >1000 N, exceeding estimated peak quadriceps force in dogs during walking (~240 N).
- Patellar ligament failure was the most common mode of failure across all groups (5–8 samples per group).
- Distal tibial crest fractures were seen only in 2-pin and spacer pin groups, not in TBW group, suggesting TBW may protect against crest failure.
- No failures occurred at pin tracts, possibly due to pin placement within patellar ligament footprint.
- Spacer pin technique avoids placing pins through the tuberosity, potentially reducing risks of soft tissue complications like tendinopathy or irritation.
- Use of partial osteotomy with robust distal crest may substitute for TBW without compromising initial mechanical strength.
- Further in vivo or cyclic loading studies are required, as this cadaveric study tested only acute tensile failure.
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology
3
2025
Biomechanical Comparison of Spacer Pin Fixation to Two Established Methods of Tibial Tuberosity Transposition Stabilization in Dogs
2025-3-VCOT-sullivan-1
Quiz Results
You answered 7 out of 10 questions correctly
Key Findings