🔍 Key Findings

• Fascia was present over most of the canine forelimb, but key areas like the elbow, carpus, and manus lacked robust fascial planes for wide resection.
• Type I fascia (discrete sheet) was primarily found in the antebrachium, with type IV (periosteal) fascia located at the olecranon, scapular spine, and accessory carpal bone.
• Distal antebrachial fascia was thin and adherent, often blending with carpal structures and lacking reliable surgical planes.
• Partial tenectomy or joint capsule resection was often required for wide excision in the distal limb, especially over the triceps tendon and carpus.
• Nerve transections (e.g., superficial radial or ulnar branches) were commonly needed to maintain fascial margins, though often with minimal functional loss due to overlapping innervation.
• Digital and metacarpal pads lacked clear deep fascial borders, making digit amputation necessary for oncologic margins in distal tumors.
• Dissections revealed fascial junctions as either Type A (easily separable) or Type B (risk of disruption), guiding resection plane selection.
• Findings provide a surgical map to guide preoperative planning for superficial tumor excision on the forelimb.

🔍 Key Findings

• Fascial planes in dogs were consistently classifiable into four surgical types:
• Type I (discrete sheets), Type II (tightly adhered to thin muscle), Type III (tightly adhered to thick muscle), and Type IV (periosteum-associated).
• Two junction types were identified: Type A (easily elevated) and Type B (higher risk of disruption).
• Disruption-prone areas include the scapular spine (type IV fascia) and lateral thorax near the 13th rib, where rib resection may be needed to preserve margins.
• The latissimus dorsi transition zones and fascial areas near the thoracic inlet and scapulohumeral joint were prone to fascial thinning or disruption.
• Partial muscle resections or periosteal elevations may be required in areas with fragile fascia to maintain oncologic margins.
• Dorsal spinous processes (T6–L6) showed type IV fascia; however, osteotomy may be needed in some dogs for clear margins.
• Blended fascial transitions (e.g., rectus abdominis: type II cranially, type I caudally) necessitate intraoperative judgment on resection depth.
• Cutaneous trunci may suffice as a deep margin for small, low-grade tumors in well-muscled dogs, but not reliably for high-grade or larger masses.

🔍 Key Findings Summary

• Sample: 38 Labrador Retrievers (76 elbows)
• SBCs (subchondral bone cysts):
  • Not found in elbows without OA
• Increased number and size with OA severity:
  • Grade 1: median 3 SBCs
  • Grade 2: 9 SBCs
• Grade 3: 20 SBCs (p < .001)
• Larger SBCs in more severe OA (OR = 1.056, p = .012)
• Locations: 62% humerus, 28% ulna, 10% radius
• Sex and Age Effects:
  • Older dogs had larger SBCs (p = .013)
  • Female dogs had smaller SBCs (p = .002)
  • SBC number unrelated to age or sex

🔍 Key Findings

• Fascial planes in dogs were consistently classifiable into four surgical types:
• Type I (discrete sheets), Type II (tightly adhered to thin muscle), Type III (tightly adhered to thick muscle), and Type IV (periosteum-associated).
• Two junction types were identified: Type A (easily elevated) and Type B (higher risk of disruption).
• Disruption-prone areas include the scapular spine (type IV fascia) and lateral thorax near the 13th rib, where rib resection may be needed to preserve margins.
• The latissimus dorsi transition zones and fascial areas near the thoracic inlet and scapulohumeral joint were prone to fascial thinning or disruption.
• Partial muscle resections or periosteal elevations may be required in areas with fragile fascia to maintain oncologic margins.
• Dorsal spinous processes (T6–L6) showed type IV fascia; however, osteotomy may be needed in some dogs for clear margins.
• Blended fascial transitions (e.g., rectus abdominis: type II cranially, type I caudally) necessitate intraoperative judgment on resection depth.
• Cutaneous trunci may suffice as a deep margin for small, low-grade tumors in well-muscled dogs, but not reliably for high-grade or larger masses.

🔍 Key Findings

Population: 2,178 canine CTs reviewed retrospectively.
Prevalence: Incidental PBBs found in 1.37% (30/2178).
Outcome: None of the dogs with incidental PBBs developed clinical spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) over a median follow-up of 1255 days.
Significant Associations:

• Age: Dogs with PBBs were significantly older (median 10.5 yrs vs. 8.2 yrs, p = .001).
• CT indication: PBBs more likely during neoplastic staging (p = .006).

PBB Characteristics:

• Total = 60 PBBs (median 1/dog; range 1–7).
• Location: 35% in left caudal, 31.6% right caudal, only 13.3% in right cranial lobe.
• Size-based: 25 bullae (>10 mm), 35 blebs (≤10 mm).

Conclusion: Prophylactic resection of incidental PBBs not justified given no observed SP risk in this population.

🔍 Key Findings

• All FEESA configurations leaked at lower pressures than intact segments, confirming reduced integrity vs. native tissue.
• FEESA with 3-row transverse staples (3V/3T or 2V/3T) had significantly higher leak pressures than 2-row configurations.
• 3V/3T configuration had the highest ILP (69.88 ± 21.23 mmHg) among all groups, significantly greater than 2V/2T and 3V/2T (P < .001).
• Leakage consistently occurred at the transverse staple line (not vertical), regardless of configuration.
• No significant difference in maximum intraluminal pressure (MIP) between FEESA groups.
• All FEESA constructs withstood intraluminal pressures >25 mmHg, exceeding normal physiological jejunal pressure in dogs.
• No leaks occurred from the vertical staple line, highlighting it as a more robust closure site.
• Third staple row in transverse line may be a viable alternative to suture oversew, pending further clinical evaluation.

🔍 Key Findings

• Proximal BODPUOs (closer to 26–28% of ulna length) resulted in greater increases in proximal ulna tilt postoperatively (up to 18°).
• Distal osteotomies (closer to 48–49%) yielded minimal change in ulna angle.
• Strong linear relationship between osteotomy location and change in angle; correlation coefficient = 0.73.
• Initial proximal ulna angle (IPUA) influences results—angles closer to 90° yielded greater changes.
• Craniocaudal osteotomy angle had minimal impact on tilt change after adjusting for location.
• Osteotomy length had no significant effect on change in angle.
• Prediction intervals showed wide individual variation in outcomes, especially with more proximal osteotomies.
• No increase in complications was associated with more proximal osteotomies, contrary to past assumptions.

🔍 Key Findings

• Surgical management significantly improves survival vs medical therapy, with MST ~1942d vs 567d (p = .028), supporting intervention over conservative care.
• DOV occlusion achieves superior initial occlusion rates (95% vs 56% for TAE; p = .007), making it more reliable for immediate flow cessation.
• TAE has significantly higher recurrence rates (53% vs 15% for DOV; p < .001), often requiring repeat procedures.
• Residual HAVM flow is more common after TAE (44% vs 5%), reflecting difficulty targeting the nidus via arterial routes.
• Overall survival time between TAE and DOV is not significantly different, but more DOV patients remain alive at follow-up (55% vs 11%; p = .003).
• Quality of life outcomes favor DOV, with 78% “excellent” vs 27% in TAE (p = .018).
• Multiple arterial supply sources (e.g., gastric, phrenic, intercostal arteries) complicate complete embolization and contribute to recurrence (Figure 6, page 17).
• Restoration of hepatopetal portal flow is a key success indicator, particularly after DOV occlusion (page 16 discussion).

🔍 Key Findings

• Ventricular fibrillation (VF) occurred in 3% of pericardiectomy cases across reporting institutions.
• 14 of 16 dogs (88%) that developed intraoperative VF died, indicating high mortality.
• Electrosurgical devices were used in 15/16 dogs; VF onset coincided with their use in 8 dogs, suggesting a potential but unproven association.
• Preoperative arrhythmias were seen in 7 dogs (e.g., VPCs, VT, bradycardia), possibly serving as early warning signs.
• Thoracoscopic approach was used in 75% of cases; however, conversion to open surgery was required in 9/13 thoracoscopic procedures after VF onset.
• Defibrillation was attempted in 13 dogs, but only 3 converted to sinus rhythm, and only 2 survived postoperatively.
• VF may result from stray current or cardiac manipulation; bipolar energy devices were implicated despite lower theoretical risk.
• Preventative strategies include judicious electrosurgery use, close ECG monitoring, rapid CPR preparedness, and preop cardiac risk assessment.