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Kennedy et al: Evaluation of Canine Shoulder Arthroscopy for Anatomical and Safety Considerations
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopedics and Traumatology 4, 2024

🔍 Key Findings Summary

  • 20 shoulders from 11 medium-to-large breed dogs evaluated
  • Lateral portals used: middle arthroscopic, caudal instrument, cranial egress
  • Musculotendinous lesions unavoidable, but small (18G needle); seen in deltoideus (90%), infraspinatus, teres minor, etc.
  • Neurovascular safety:
    • Caudal portal was closest to axillary artery/nerve branches (as close as 7 mm)
    • Only 2/20 shoulders (10%) had omobrachial vein penetrated
  • Cartilage injuries (IACI) occurred in 65%, primarily minor linear defects; use of guarded cannulas and distractors suggested for minimization
  • Supports overall safety of lateral shoulder arthroscopy with portal placement awareness

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← Articles

Kennedy et al: Evaluation of Canine Shoulder Arthroscopy for Anatomical and Safety Considerations
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopedics and Traumatology 4, 2024

🔍 Key Findings Summary

  • 20 shoulders from 11 medium-to-large breed dogs evaluated
  • Lateral portals used: middle arthroscopic, caudal instrument, cranial egress
  • Musculotendinous lesions unavoidable, but small (18G needle); seen in deltoideus (90%), infraspinatus, teres minor, etc.
  • Neurovascular safety:
    • Caudal portal was closest to axillary artery/nerve branches (as close as 7 mm)
    • Only 2/20 shoulders (10%) had omobrachial vein penetrated
  • Cartilage injuries (IACI) occurred in 65%, primarily minor linear defects; use of guarded cannulas and distractors suggested for minimization
  • Supports overall safety of lateral shoulder arthroscopy with portal placement awareness

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Multiple Choice Questions on this study

In Kennedy 2024 et al., which portal had the highest rate of articular cartilage injury?

A. Cranial egress portal
B. Middle arthroscopic portal
C. Caudal instrument portal
D. All had equal injury
E. Caudomedial portal

Answer: Caudal instrument portal

Explanation: 60% of shoulders had IACI at the caudal instrument portal vs 25% at the middle portal:contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}
In Kennedy 2024 et al., which muscle group was most frequently damaged by the caudal portal?

A. Teres major
B. Infraspinatus
C. Deltoideus
D. Cleidobrachialis
E. Supraspinatus

Answer: Deltoideus

Explanation: Deltoideus was damaged in 90% of shoulders by the caudal portal:contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}
In Kennedy 2024 et al., which neurovascular structure was penetrated in 10% of shoulders during portal placement?

A. Axillary artery
B. Caudal circumflex artery
C. Omobrachial vein
D. Axillary nerve
E. Axillobrachial vein

Answer: Omobrachial vein

Explanation: The omobrachial vein was penetrated by the egress needle in 2/20 shoulders (10%):contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}
In Kennedy 2024 et al., what was the closest average distance of the caudal portal to a major neurovascular structure?

A. 29.3 mm
B. 16.8 mm
C. 22.4 mm
D. 7.0 mm
E. 35.7 mm

Answer: 16.8 mm

Explanation: The caudal portal was 16.8 mm from the axillary nerve and caudal circumflex artery on average:contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}
In Kennedy 2024 et al., what strategy was recommended to minimize iatrogenic cartilage injury (IACI)?

A. Increased portal spacing
B. Use of absorbable cannulas
C. Use of guarded cannulas and distractors
D. Palpation with metal probe prior to incision
E. Shorter arthroscope length

Answer: Use of guarded cannulas and distractors

Explanation: Guarded cannulas and joint distractors were recommended to reduce IACI risk, especially for novices:contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}

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