🔍 Key Findings

• Canine unicompartmental elbow (CUE) had the highest reported success (91–98%) and the second-best safety profile (NNH = 7.6).
• Sliding humeral osteotomy (SHO) showed moderate success (43–82%) but had the best safety profile (NNH = 9.5).
• Overall evidence quality was low, with no Level I studies and only five Level II (prospective) studies.
• Success measures were inconsistent, often based on subjective outcomes (e.g., owner satisfaction), limiting comparability.
• Adverse events were common, with high complication rates in arthrodesis and total elbow arthroplasty (TEA).
• One study using objective outcome (PVF) showed only 43% long-term success for SHO, suggesting possible overestimation of success in subjective studies.
• The review highlights the need for validated, standardized outcome tools in elbow OA surgery trials.
• Number needed to harm (NNH) emerged as a more consistent and informative safety metric than success percentages.

🔍 Key Findings

• Ectopic ureters in cats are rare, but most are extramural and bilateral.
• Surgical techniques used included ureteroneocystostomy (UNC), neoureterostomy (NU), nephroureterectomy, and cystoscopic laser ablation (CLA).
• All cats showed improvement in urinary continence postoperatively, with 11/12 achieving complete resolution.
• Major complications were rare; one cat developed uroabdomen requiring revision surgery.
• Diagnostic imaging was effective, with abdominal ultrasound diagnosing 8/10 and CT 3/3 cases.
• Short- and long-term complications included urethral spasms, UTIs, stranguria, and rectal prolapse; all were manageable.
• CLA was successful in 2 cats and is noted as a first-time described technique in feline ectopic ureter cases.
• Median postoperative follow-up was 340 days, supporting good long-term outcomes.

🔍 Key Findings

• Laparoscopic ovariectomy produced a milder inflammatory response than open ovariectomy, supporting the benefits of minimally invasive surgery.
• Twenty-six healthy anestrus bitches were randomized equally to laparoscopic (LAP) or open (OPEN) ovariectomy in a prospective, blinded clinical trial.
• IL-6 increased rapidly after laparoscopy but returned to baseline by 7 days, whereas OPEN surgery produced a later, more prolonged elevation.
• Reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) remained higher after OPEN surgery, while LAP caused only a transient postoperative increase.
• Biological antioxidant potential (BAP) increased only in the OPEN group by postoperative day 7, suggesting a compensatory response to greater oxidative stress.
• PON-1 decreased after surgery in both groups, remaining lower in LAP through day 7, indicating that its interpretation as an inflammatory marker remains complex.
• LAP required longer operative time (35 vs 25 minutes; p = .008) but resulted in significantly smaller total incision length (1.5 vs 2.5 cm; p < .001).
• No intraoperative or postoperative surgical or anesthetic complications occurred in either treatment group.

🔍 Key Findings

• 3D-printed TPLO guides significantly reduced osteotomy inclination angle in both bone models and cadaver limbs compared to jig alone (P < .001).
• Torsional deformities were lower when the 3D-printed guide was used in bone models (P < .001), but not significantly different in cadavers.
• Angular deformities were significantly reduced in cadavers using 3D-printed guides (P < .001).
• Proximal jig pin angulation was more accurate with the guide in cadavers (P < .001); not significant in bone models.
• Medial cortex damage was substantially reduced in bone models when the 3D-printed guide was used (P < .001).
• Postoperative tibial plateau angle (TPA) did not differ significantly between groups, suggesting that clinical alignment can still be achieved without the guide.
• Clinical significance of improved metrics is uncertain, but improved precision may reduce surgical complications.
• 3D guide design allowed direct placement of jig and bone plate, potentially improving workflow and safety.

🔍 Key Findings

• Distal femoral shortening osteotomy (DFSO) enabled prosthesis reduction in all 4 dogs with irreducible luxoid hips undergoing total hip replacement.
• Median femoral shortening ratio was 13.8% (range: 10.7–15.3%) based on intraoperative tension needed for prosthesis reduction.
• Bone union was achieved in all cases post-DFSO, indicating good healing potential.
• Two major complications occurred: one prosthetic luxation and one aseptic stem loosening requiring explantation.
• One intraoperative fracture of the greater trochanter occurred during trial reduction before DFSO.
• DFSO did not result in neurovascular injury, even in cases with significant femoral head displacement (>4 cm).
• Radiographic planning with FHD index and intraoperative assessment were crucial for determining DFSO necessity.
• DFSO avoids complications linked to subtrochanteric osteotomy by preserving proximal femoral anatomy and allowing secure distal fixation.

🔍 Key Findings

• Esophageal pH-monitoring was well tolerated in all 35 nonbrachycephalic dogs, with no major adverse events reported.
• Distal GER occurred in 80% of dogs, but events were typically brief and non-productive; proximal GER occurred in only 39%.
• Upper reference limits for GER were 2.4 events/hour (distal) and 0.4 events/hour (proximal).
• Cumulative acid exposure was minimal: upper limits were 2.3% (distal) and 0% (proximal).
• Comparison with brachycephalic dogs shows significantly higher GER frequency and duration, validating the diagnostic utility of pH monitoring.
• Transnasal probe placement under light anesthesia was safe and less morbid compared to percutaneous or conscious techniques.
• No expelled or productive regurgitation occurred, despite some GER events, indicating efficient esophageal clearance in healthy dogs.
• Diet and fasting duration may affect GER, but these were not controlled variables in this study.

🔍 Key Findings

139 immature dogs with humeral condylar fractures (HCF) reviewed retrospectively.
Postoperative plan changed in 17% (23/139) of cases.
Key risk factors for plan change:

• Owner concerns (OR: 7.6)
• Analgesic use at follow-up (OR: 7.9)
• Lameness (OR: 5.9)
• Abnormal clinical exam (OR: 44.8)
• Radiographic abnormalities (OR: 51.9)

No plan changes were based solely on radiographs when clinical signs were absent.
Supracondylar K-wire migration noted in 3.5% of dogs without affecting the clinical plan.
Authors conclude that routine follow-up radiographs offer limited value without concurrent clinical indicators.

🔍 Key Findings

• Hip-flexed and hip-extended radiographs produced significantly different femoral stem template sizes, confirming the techniques are not interchangeable (p < .0001).
• Hip-extended templating underestimated implanted stem size (mean difference −0.54), whereas hip-flexed templating overestimated implanted size (mean difference +0.30).
• Neither radiographic method consistently predicted the actual implanted femoral stem, emphasizing the importance of intraoperative assessment.
• Flexed projections generated larger template sizes (median stem size 9) than extended projections (median stem size 8).
• Canal flare index (CFI) was significantly higher on flexed views (1.89 vs 1.61; p < .0001), reducing apparent "stovepipe" morphology.
• 88% of extended projections were classified as stovepipe femora versus 44% of flexed projections (p = .0027), suggesting substantial projection-related morphologic distortion.
• Femoral length appeared significantly longer on flexed radiographs (204.8 mm vs 189.3 mm; p < .001), supporting the presence of foreshortening on extended views.
• Hip-flexed radiographs may be a practical alternative when hip extension is not possible, especially in severe OA, but implant selection should remain guided by intraoperative findings.

🔍 Key Findings

• Minimally invasive repair of acetabular fractures using precontoured plates on 3D-printed models is feasible and technically reproducible in dogs.
• All cadavers had fracture gaps <2 mm and step defects <1 mm, indicating accurate reduction.
• Sciatic nerve injury was minimal or absent in all cases, supporting potential neuroprotection from indirect approaches.
• Pelvic angulation was maintained <5°, confirming preservation of alignment post-reduction.
• Surgical time averaged ~46 minutes in cadavers for both approaches and repair.
• Clinical case showed good radiographic healing by 8 weeks and full union by 3 months, with early weight-bearing post-op.
• Use of locking screws improved reduction fidelity, particularly across a broad plate span.
• 3D printing accelerated surgical planning, though its necessity remains debated due to the availability and cost concerns.

🔍 Key Findings

Population: 2,178 canine CTs reviewed retrospectively.
Prevalence: Incidental PBBs found in 1.37% (30/2178).
Outcome: None of the dogs with incidental PBBs developed clinical spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) over a median follow-up of 1255 days.
Significant Associations:

• Age: Dogs with PBBs were significantly older (median 10.5 yrs vs. 8.2 yrs, p = .001).
• CT indication: PBBs more likely during neoplastic staging (p = .006).

PBB Characteristics:

• Total = 60 PBBs (median 1/dog; range 1–7).
• Location: 35% in left caudal, 31.6% right caudal, only 13.3% in right cranial lobe.
• Size-based: 25 bullae (>10 mm), 35 blebs (≤10 mm).

Conclusion: Prophylactic resection of incidental PBBs not justified given no observed SP risk in this population.