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In Frapwell 2026 et al., on humeral condyle morphology, how did HIF-associated morphology differ in non-spaniels versus controls?

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Correct. Non-spaniel breeds with HIF had similar changes as spaniels—greater axial angles and increased vertical condylar height.
Incorrect. The correct answer is Both axial angles and height increased.
Non-spaniel breeds with HIF had similar changes as spaniels—greater axial angles and increased vertical condylar height.

🔍 Key Findings

  • HIF-affected dogs had significantly greater angle A and B, indicating increased axial articular angulation of the medial and lateral humeral condyle (p < .001).
  • Vertical condylar height (lengths a and b) was significantly greater in HIF-affected dogs compared to controls (p = .007 and p < .001 respectively).
  • Angle G (dorsal plane medial condyle angle) was also significantly greater in HIF-affected dogs, suggesting altered medial humeral morphology (p < .001).
  • The angle between axial surfaces (A–B angle) was significantly more acute in HIF dogs (107.4° vs. 114.2°, p < .001), suggesting potential for increased shear force.
  • Springer Spaniels with HIF showed significantly greater angulation and vertical height than unaffected Springer controls (p < .001 to .007 across variables).
  • Morphological differences persisted across non-spaniel breeds, reinforcing that altered condylar geometry is not breed-restricted.
  • Authors propose that greater condylar angulation contributes to shear stress, orthogonal to the fissure, possibly contributing to HIF pathogenesis.
  • These morphologic alterations could inform future screening or preventive strategies, and may explain variable surgical outcomes and implant failure.

Frapwell

Veterinary Surgery

1

2026

Analysis of humeral condylar morphology in dogs with and without humeral intracondylar fissure

2026-1-VS-frapwell-5

Article Title: Analysis of humeral condylar morphology in dogs with and without humeral intracondylar fissure

Journal: Veterinary Surgery

In Kang 2024 et al., on sacroiliac fixation strength, which statement best describes screw placement accuracy in both groups?

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Correct. CT confirmed safe placement in all dogs; no breaches of spinal canal or sacral foramen
Incorrect. The correct answer is All screws stayed within sacral body.
CT confirmed safe placement in all dogs; no breaches of spinal canal or sacral foramen

🔍 Key Findings Summary

  • 20 cats with pelvic fractures treated using locking plates with only cortical screws
  • 28 fractures stabilized (ilium: 17, acetabulum: 6, ischium: 3, pubis: 2)
  • Implants: Primarily 1.5/2.0 mm LCPs or String-of-Pearls plates
  • Major complications in 2/20 cases (10%): sciatic entrapment, malunion requiring THA
  • Minor complications in 2/20 cases (10%): plate impingement, transient lameness
  • Clinical union in all cats by 8 weeks; all cats returned to full function
  • Authors conclude cortical screws alone can provide adequate fixation in feline pelvic fractures if screw purchase and bone quality are sufficient

Kang

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopedics and Traumatology

1

2024

Biomechanical Comparison of Double 2.3-mm Headless Cannulated Self-Compression Screws and Single 3.5-mm Cortical Screw in Lag Fashion in a Canine Sacroiliac Luxation Model

2024-1-VCOT-kang-4

Article Title: Biomechanical Comparison of Double 2.3-mm Headless Cannulated Self-Compression Screws and Single 3.5-mm Cortical Screw in Lag Fashion in a Canine Sacroiliac Luxation Model

Journal: Veterinary and Comparative Orthopedics and Traumatology

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