🔍 Key Findings

• Cook system had good reliability across all cases (ICC = 0.848), even when complications, sequelae, and failure-to-cure were included.
• aCD system had excellent reliability when excluding sequelae/failure-to-cure cases (ICC = 0.975) but only moderate reliability when including them (ICC = 0.620).
• Majority of complications (60–63%) were graded as Grade 3 in the aCD system, corresponding to surgical or anesthetic intervention.
• Cook system classified most cases (78–81%) as major complications.
• Assessors had difficulty distinguishing sequelae from Grade 1 complications, and failure-to-cure from Grades 1–2, reducing aCD reliability.
• The aCD system offers more resolution (5 grades vs. 3) and less subjectivity through objective definitions.
• Novel terminology (e.g., sequelae, failure to cure) in the aCD system may hinder its uptake without proper training.
• Reclassifying expected events (e.g., swelling, bruising) as sequelae could significantly reduce reported complication rates in other studies.

🔍 Key Findings

Incidence of BFX lateral bolt stem breakage: 2.95% (13 dogs, 14 stems)

Implant factors:

• 13/14 were BFX lateral bolt stems (sizes #5–7)
• +9 necks used in 5/11 of 17 mm heads
• 10/14 stems undersized based on radiographs
• 10/13 dogs exceeded weight limits for implanted stem size

Malalignment:

• 10/14 had varus alignment (median 3.9°)
• 8/14 had insufficient proximodistal seating

Breakage site: Proximolateral shoulder in all cases

Revision outcomes:

• 11 revised (7 CFX, 3 larger BFX, 1 collared)
• 9/10 revised dogs regained full function
• Complications: 1 rebreakage, 1 periprosthetic fracture, 1 fixation failure

Histopathology:

• Electron microscopy showed fatigue striations and incomplete bead fusion

Conclusion: Avoid small BFX lateral bolt stems if undersized or if long necks required; use weight guidelines to prevent fatigue failure.

🔍 Key Findings

• Perioperative mortality rate was low (2.9%), with no intraoperative deaths reported.
• Intraoperative complications occurred in 54.3% of dogs, most commonly hemorrhage and cardiovascular events.
• 21% of dogs required blood transfusions, though transfusion was not associated with higher complication risk.
• Advanced hemodynamic support (fluid + cardiovascular) was significantly associated with short-term complications (OR 17.3, p = .029) and shorter survival.
• No surgical method (e.g., TA stapler, vessel sealing device, hilar resection) was associated with increased risk of complications.
• Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was the most common diagnosis (53%), with an MST of 741 days and 17.6% recurrence.
• Surgical margins (complete vs incomplete) were not associated with overall survival time in dogs with HCC.
• The use of preoperative CT and improved surgical instrumentation may have contributed to the lower observed mortality.

🔍 Key Findings

• Study Design: Cadaveric model using four large-breed dogs with 10x10 cm full-thickness wounds at four locations (shoulder, thorax, flank, thigh).
• Configurations Tested: Diagonal, opposite, parallel, and perpendicular placements of wound infusion catheter and JP drain.
• Fluid Retrieval:
  • No significant difference by configuration (p = .92) or location (p = .32).
  • Perpendicular configuration had the highest mean retrieval (11.35 mL, 56.8% of instilled volume).
  • Flank location had the lowest retrieval (7.2 mL, 35.9%).
• Surface Area Coverage:
  • Parallel configuration achieved the highest SA coverage (83.4% ± 11.6%, p < .01).
  • Perpendicular was lowest.
• Leakage:
  • No difference in leakage between configurations (p = .74) or locations (p = .10).
  • Leakage commonly occurred at drain or catheter entry points (93.8% of wounds).
• Conclusion: Parallel drain configuration optimized fluid dispersion. Infusion-retrieval systems may allow for topical therapy delivery in closed wounds.

🔍 Key Findings

• Raised eyelets caused more suture mid-section failures than embedded eyelets, suggesting wear or cutting against the anchor.
• No significant effect of cyclic loading on failure load (Fmax) was found for any anchor group.
• Anika anchor showed the least reduction in suture strength relative to the reference (eyebolt screw), indicating a favorable design.
• All sutures failed via suture breakage, not anchor pullout, indicating suture fatigue was the primary failure mode.
• Sutures in raised eyelets more often failed at the mid-section, while those in embedded eyelets failed at the knot.
• IMEX and Jorvet anchors showed significantly reduced Fmax compared to eyebolt screws.
• Loading direction and anchor design likely affect wear and ultimate failure, particularly in dynamic in vivo conditions.
• Future designs should aim for embedded, smooth eyelets that can accommodate larger suture sizes without increasing wear.

🔍 Key Findings

• TPLO alone failed to neutralize rotational instability under tibial pivot compression (TPT), despite a negative TCT.
• TPLO combined with lateral augmentation (TPLO-IB) restored both craniocaudal and rotational stability to near-intact levels.
• Cranial tibial translation was 6× greater after TPLO vs intact stifles when tested with TPT (p < .001).
• No significant difference in cranial tibial translation or internal rotation between intact stifles and TPLO-IB group during TCT, eTPT, or iTPT.
• TPLO-IB did not overconstrain the stifle, avoiding excessive external rotation.
• External tibial rotation (eTPT) was more sensitive than TCT in detecting persistent instability after TPLO.
• Excellent intraobserver reliability for both eTPT and iTPT (ICC > 0.9).
• Study supports intraoperative use of TPT to identify cases needing additional rotational stabilization.

🔍 Key Findings

• Open face version was significantly greater than truncated face version by 14°–22° (p <.001).
• Open face version increased linearly with inclination and pelvic extension, while truncated face version remained largely stable.
• Truncated face version is an unreliable surrogate for open face version.
• Accurate interpretation of cup version should include both truncated face version and inclination.
• Canine 3D pelvic model and CT-based simulation used for all measurements.

🔍 Key Findings Summary

• IMN provides relative stability, resists bending/torsion due to central axis alignment
• Larger diameter nails = exponentially greater stiffness (∝ D⁴)
• Trade-off: Larger interlocking holes weaken fatigue strength of the nail
• Reaming increases contact/stability but has pros/cons:
  • Improves outcomes in closed fractures
  • May reduce endosteal blood flow in thin-walled bones (e.g., cats)
• Design advances:
  • Angle-stable IMN reduce rotational slack
  • Expandable nails simplify insertion but may compromise removal or compressive load resistance
  • Precontoured nails match bone curvature but lack consistent clinical superiority
• Material debates continue (e.g., titanium vs. stainless steel vs. magnesium)

🔍 Key Findings

• Use of smoke evacuators reduced ultrafine particle concentrations by 56.4% during approach to the proximal tibia for TPLO in dogs.
• Mean intraoperative particle concentrations were significantly higher in surgeries without smoke evacuation (1352 ppc vs. 763 ppc, P < .0001).
• Maximum particle concentrations were six times higher without smoke evacuation (62,450 ppc vs. 10,100 ppc, P < .0001).
• Particle counts increased above baseline regardless of evacuator use, confirming electrosurgery contributes substantially to airborne particles.
• Surgeons noted reduced odor and health concerns when using the smoke evacuator, despite initial visibility limitations due to pencil attachment.
• Standard surgical masks do not protect against ultrafine particles, underscoring the importance of smoke mitigation systems.
• The smoke-evacuation unit did not eliminate all ultrafine particles, suggesting optimization (e.g., higher power setting) may be beneficial.
• This is the first clinical veterinary study to measure surgical smoke reduction using evacuators during TPLO.

🔍 Key Findings

• HIF-affected dogs had significantly greater angle A and B, indicating increased axial articular angulation of the medial and lateral humeral condyle (p < .001).
• Vertical condylar height (lengths a and b) was significantly greater in HIF-affected dogs compared to controls (p = .007 and p < .001 respectively).
• Angle G (dorsal plane medial condyle angle) was also significantly greater in HIF-affected dogs, suggesting altered medial humeral morphology (p < .001).
• The angle between axial surfaces (A–B angle) was significantly more acute in HIF dogs (107.4° vs. 114.2°, p < .001), suggesting potential for increased shear force.
• Springer Spaniels with HIF showed significantly greater angulation and vertical height than unaffected Springer controls (p < .001 to .007 across variables).
• Morphological differences persisted across non-spaniel breeds, reinforcing that altered condylar geometry is not breed-restricted.
• Authors propose that greater condylar angulation contributes to shear stress, orthogonal to the fissure, possibly contributing to HIF pathogenesis.
• These morphologic alterations could inform future screening or preventive strategies, and may explain variable surgical outcomes and implant failure.