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Forman et al: Effects of preoperative warm-ups on veterinary medical students' performance with live dog laparoscopic ovariectomy
Veterinary Surgery 3, 2026

Effects of preoperative warm-ups on veterinary medical students' performance with live dog laparoscopic ovariectomy

🔍 Key Findings

  • Preoperative warm-up significantly reduced surgical time — mean ~20 minutes shorter (63 min vs 84 min; p < 0.05)
  • Warm-up significantly improved performance scores using a validated rubric (138.4 vs 121.5; p < 0.05)
  • Combined warm-up (simulator + video game) enhanced efficiency and technical proficiency in novice surgeons
  • No intraoperative complications occurred in either group, suggesting safety of trainee-performed LOVE under supervision
  • Warm-up protocol consisted of 30 minutes (15 min simulator + 15 min laparoscopic video game)
  • All participants had baseline laparoscopic exposure but limited hands-on experience, reflecting realistic novice conditions
  • Validated scoring included GOALS and procedural steps, supporting objective assessment of surgical readiness
  • Findings support incorporation of warm-up into surgical training programs to improve efficiency and potentially reduce errors

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← Articles

Forman et al: Effects of preoperative warm-ups on veterinary medical students' performance with live dog laparoscopic ovariectomy
Veterinary Surgery 3, 2026

🔍 Key Findings

  • Preoperative warm-up significantly reduced surgical time — mean ~20 minutes shorter (63 min vs 84 min; p < 0.05)
  • Warm-up significantly improved performance scores using a validated rubric (138.4 vs 121.5; p < 0.05)
  • Combined warm-up (simulator + video game) enhanced efficiency and technical proficiency in novice surgeons
  • No intraoperative complications occurred in either group, suggesting safety of trainee-performed LOVE under supervision
  • Warm-up protocol consisted of 30 minutes (15 min simulator + 15 min laparoscopic video game)
  • All participants had baseline laparoscopic exposure but limited hands-on experience, reflecting realistic novice conditions
  • Validated scoring included GOALS and procedural steps, supporting objective assessment of surgical readiness
  • Findings support incorporation of warm-up into surgical training programs to improve efficiency and potentially reduce errors

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Multiple Choice Questions on this study

In Forman 2026 et al., on laparoscopic warm-up effects, what was the primary impact of preoperative warm-up on surgical time during LOVE?

A. It increased surgical time by 10 minutes
B. It had no effect on surgical time
C. It reduced surgical time by approximately 20 minutes
D. It doubled surgical efficiency time
E. It only reduced anesthesia time

Answer: It reduced surgical time by approximately 20 minutes

Explanation: Warm-up group averaged ~63 min vs 84 min, a significant reduction.
In Forman 2026 et al., on laparoscopic warm-up effects, what was observed regarding intraoperative complications?

A. Higher in warm-up group
B. Higher in no warm-up group
C. Equal complications in both groups with multiple events
D. No complications occurred in either group
E. Only anesthesia-related complications occurred

Answer: No complications occurred in either group

Explanation: The study reported zero intraoperative complications across all cases.
In Forman 2026 et al., on laparoscopic warm-up effects, how did warm-up influence performance scores?

A. No difference between groups
B. Warm-up decreased scores
C. Warm-up improved scores significantly
D. Scores improved only in experienced students
E. Scores improved but were not statistically significant

Answer: Warm-up improved scores significantly

Explanation: Group W had significantly higher rubric scores (138.4 vs 121.5).
In Forman 2026 et al., on laparoscopic warm-up effects, which assessment tool was used to evaluate surgical performance?

A. Visual analog pain scale
B. MISTELS score only
C. Validated laparoscopic rubric including GOALS
D. Owner satisfaction survey
E. Anesthesia recovery scoring system

Answer: Validated laparoscopic rubric including GOALS

Explanation: A validated rubric including GOALS and procedural steps was used by a blinded evaluator.
In Forman 2026 et al., on laparoscopic warm-up effects, which combination best describes the warm-up protocol used?

A. 30 minutes simulator only
B. 15 minutes simulator only
C. 15 minutes video game only
D. 15 minutes simulator plus 15 minutes laparoscopic video game
E. 60 minutes open surgery rehearsal

Answer: 15 minutes simulator plus 15 minutes laparoscopic video game

Explanation: The intervention group performed a combined 30-min warm-up: simulator + video game.

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