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Larose et al: Near-infrared fluorescence cholangiography in dogs: A pilot study
Veterinary Surgery 4, 2024

🔍 Key Findings

  • Near-infrared fluorescence cholangiography (NIRFC) was feasible and safe in all healthy dogs studied, with no major adverse effects noted.
  • Low-dose ICG (0.05 mg/kg) at 3 h pre-op achieved the highest target-to-background (cystic duct-to-liver) contrast ratio, reaching nearly 4:1 at 280 minutes.
  • Early imaging (time 0) favored low-dose ICG for optimal cystic duct visualization; high-dose ICG led to excessive liver fluorescence and reduced contrast.
  • Visualization of biliary tree occurred within 10–20 min post-injection regardless of dose, but longer delays improved background clearance and contrast.
  • No significant cardiovascular or histamine-related side effects were observed with either dose of ICG.
  • Repeated ICG injections showed minimal residual fluorescence when using a >72 h washout period; shorter intervals caused mild carryover in high-dose groups.
  • Surgeon scoring matched contrast ratios, confirming clinical relevance of imaging outcomes.
  • Recommended dose for laparoscopic imaging: 0.05 mg/kg ICG given 3–5 h before surgery, or at premedication for urgent cases.

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← Articles

Larose et al: Near-infrared fluorescence cholangiography in dogs: A pilot study
Veterinary Surgery 4, 2024

🔍 Key Findings

  • Near-infrared fluorescence cholangiography (NIRFC) was feasible and safe in all healthy dogs studied, with no major adverse effects noted.
  • Low-dose ICG (0.05 mg/kg) at 3 h pre-op achieved the highest target-to-background (cystic duct-to-liver) contrast ratio, reaching nearly 4:1 at 280 minutes.
  • Early imaging (time 0) favored low-dose ICG for optimal cystic duct visualization; high-dose ICG led to excessive liver fluorescence and reduced contrast.
  • Visualization of biliary tree occurred within 10–20 min post-injection regardless of dose, but longer delays improved background clearance and contrast.
  • No significant cardiovascular or histamine-related side effects were observed with either dose of ICG.
  • Repeated ICG injections showed minimal residual fluorescence when using a >72 h washout period; shorter intervals caused mild carryover in high-dose groups.
  • Surgeon scoring matched contrast ratios, confirming clinical relevance of imaging outcomes.
  • Recommended dose for laparoscopic imaging: 0.05 mg/kg ICG given 3–5 h before surgery, or at premedication for urgent cases.

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Multiple Choice Questions on this study

In Larose 2024 et al., on fluorescence cholangiography, what is the recommended clinical protocol for ICG in urgent laparoscopic procedures?

A. 0.5 mg/kg 24 h pre-op
B. 0.05 mg/kg at induction
C. 0.1 mg/kg 8 h pre-op
D. 0.5 mg/kg at surgery start
E. 0.05 mg/kg with premedication

Answer: 0.05 mg/kg with premedication

Explanation: If 3–5 h delay isn’t possible, dosing at premed is still effective and recommended.
In Larose 2024 et al., on fluorescence cholangiography, which statement best describes ICG safety profile in this study?

A. Repeated doses caused hepatotoxicity
B. All dogs experienced mild cardiovascular depression
C. ICG caused histamine-mediated reactions at high dose
D. No cardiovascular or hypersensitivity reactions occurred
E. One death was associated with contrast dosing

Answer: No cardiovascular or hypersensitivity reactions occurred

Explanation: Both low- and high-dose ICG were well tolerated with no adverse effects observed.
In Larose 2024 et al., on fluorescence cholangiography, what ICG dose and timing produced the highest cystic duct-to-liver contrast during laparoscopic imaging?

A. 0.05 mg/kg at 15 minutes pre-op
B. 0.5 mg/kg at 3 hours pre-op
C. 0.05 mg/kg at 3 hours pre-op
D. 0.1 mg/kg at 1 hour pre-op
E. 0.5 mg/kg at 24 hours pre-op

Answer: 0.05 mg/kg at 3 hours pre-op

Explanation: Low-dose ICG at 3 h pre-op yielded the best target-to-background contrast (up to 4:1).
In Larose 2024 et al., on fluorescence cholangiography, what timing of fluorescence onset was typical after ICG administration?

A. <2 minutes post-injection
B. 5 minutes post-injection
C. 10–20 minutes post-injection
D. 30–40 minutes post-injection
E. Only after 1 hour

Answer: 10–20 minutes post-injection

Explanation: Regardless of dose, biliary fluorescence began within 10–20 minutes.
In Larose 2024 et al., on fluorescence cholangiography, how did high-dose ICG (0.5 mg/kg) affect fluorescence contrast early in imaging?

A. Enhanced cystic duct clarity
B. Was optimal for surgeon scoring
C. Obscured contrast due to liver background
D. Had no difference from low dose
E. Delayed cystic duct fluorescence

Answer: Obscured contrast due to liver background

Explanation: High-dose ICG increased liver signal, reducing duct-to-liver contrast, especially early.

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