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Guevara et al: Ex vivo comparison of pin placement with patient-specific drill guides or freehand technique in canine cadaveric spines
Veterinary Surgery 2, 2024

🔍 Key Findings:

  • Sample: 24 canine cadavers, 477 total pins across 240 vertebrae.
  • Technique Comparison: 3D printed guides (3DPG) vs freehand (FH).
  • Acceptable Placement Rates: 3DPG = 87.5%, FH = 69.8% (p < .0001).
  • Odds Ratio for FH: 0.28 (95% CI 0.16–0.47), significantly less likely to yield acceptable placement.
  • Worst Accuracy Locations: T10 (OR 0.10), T11 (OR 0.35).
  • Surgeon Impact: Surgeon 2 outperformed others (OR 9.61, p = .001).
  • Modified Zdichavsky Classification used to score implant accuracy (Grades I–IIIb).
  • Primary Benefit of 3DPG: Increased safety and precision, regardless of surgeon experience.

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← Articles

Guevara et al: Ex vivo comparison of pin placement with patient-specific drill guides or freehand technique in canine cadaveric spines
Veterinary Surgery 2, 2024

🔍 Key Findings:

  • Sample: 24 canine cadavers, 477 total pins across 240 vertebrae.
  • Technique Comparison: 3D printed guides (3DPG) vs freehand (FH).
  • Acceptable Placement Rates: 3DPG = 87.5%, FH = 69.8% (p < .0001).
  • Odds Ratio for FH: 0.28 (95% CI 0.16–0.47), significantly less likely to yield acceptable placement.
  • Worst Accuracy Locations: T10 (OR 0.10), T11 (OR 0.35).
  • Surgeon Impact: Surgeon 2 outperformed others (OR 9.61, p = .001).
  • Modified Zdichavsky Classification used to score implant accuracy (Grades I–IIIb).
  • Primary Benefit of 3DPG: Increased safety and precision, regardless of surgeon experience.

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Multiple Choice Questions on this study

In Guevara 2024 et al., on implant placement accuracy, which surgeon had significantly higher odds of success?

A. Surgeon 1
B. Surgeon 3
C. Surgeon 4
D. Surgeon 2
E. Surgeon 6

Answer: Surgeon 2

Explanation: Surgeon 2, who also designed the guides, had the highest odds (OR = 9.61, p = .001).
In Guevara 2024 et al., on implant placement accuracy, what was the odds ratio (OR) for successful placement using freehand compared to 3DPG?

A. 0.78 (p = 0.04)
B. 1.25 (p = 0.10)
C. 0.47 (p < .01)
D. 0.28 (p < .0001)
E. 1.62 (p = .03)

Answer: 0.28 (p < .0001)

Explanation: Freehand technique was significantly less likely to result in acceptable placement (OR = 0.28, p < .0001).
In Guevara 2024 et al., on implant placement accuracy, which vertebra had the lowest odds of acceptable pin placement?

A. T13
B. L6
C. T11
D. T10
E. L1

Answer: T10

Explanation: T10 had the lowest OR for success (0.10), likely due to anatomical and guide design complexity.
In Guevara 2024 et al., on implant placement accuracy, what was considered an acceptable placement grade using the modified Zdichavsky classification?

A. I and IIa
B. I and IIb
C. IIa and IIIa
D. I and IIIb
E. I only

Answer: I and IIa

Explanation: Grades I and IIa were deemed acceptable; grades IIb, IIIa, and IIIb were unacceptable.
In Guevara 2024 et al., on implant placement accuracy, what was the rate of acceptable pin placement using 3D-printed guides?

A. 63.6%
B. 69.8%
C. 87.5%
D. 48.3%
E. 64.4%

Answer: 87.5%

Explanation: The 3DPG group had an acceptable placement rate of 87.5% vs 69.8% in FH group.

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